1.Mention any two situations in which the use of DNA fingerprinting is necessary.

2.The biodiversity of Alaska situated at latitude of 64° N is having lesser Biological biodiversity than Brazil situated at 14°S. Justify scientifically.

3.Draw a neat diagram to show Watson-Crick model for semiconservative DNA replication.

4.Following are the steps in MOET programme for herd improvement in which a cow has been administered hormones with FSH like activity.
Arrange steps A to D in their correct sequence.
A - Transferred to a surrogate mother.
B - It is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
C - Fertilised eggs at 32 cell stage are recovered non surgically.
D - It produces 6-8 eggs instead of one egg which they normally yield per cycle.

5.How do mycorrhizae help the plants to grow better ?

6.Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote.

7.What are chasmogamous flowers? Can cross-pollination occur in cleistogamous flowers? Give reasons for your answer.

8.'Bt toxin does not kill the Bacillus thuringiensis itself but kills insect pests'. Explain.

9.A NGO in India has decided to undertake a campaign of creating awareness on ‘reproductively healthy society’. As an active member of the NGO what activities would you take up to make the campaign a success ?

10.Sex determination is based on particular chromosomes in both birds and humans. State two points of difference between their mechanisms of sex determination.

11.Explain codominance with the help of one example.

12.Suggest two practices giving one example of each, that help protect rare or threatened species.

13.Identify the areas labelled i, ii, iii and iv in the pie chart given below representing the biodiversity of plants showing their proportionate number of species of major taxa.

14.What are the effects of greenhouse gases ?

15.Below given are two examples of causes of Biodiversity loses.Identify the terms used for such cases.
(a) The Yucca plant species will not survive if all the Pronuba moths that pollinate the plant are eradicated.
(b) Parthenium species is a weed widely growing all over India.It sucks all nutrients and is dangerous for existence of other plants.This species was first introduced when the seeds of this weed came as adulterants in the wheat imported from the USA in 1950.

16.Success rate of artificial insemination in cattle is fairly low. Identify any other technique to improve the successful production of hybrids. State two advantages of this technique.

17.From what you have learnt, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?

18.The human male and female bird are heterogametic while the human female and male bird are homogametic. Why are they called so?

19.How do ecologists estimate the total number of species present in the world?

20.State any three advanced methods of ex- situ conservation. In which way, do you think, is the advanced methods better than the traditional ex- situ methods?

21.The following table shows the genotypes for ABO blood grouping and their phenotypes. Fill in the gaps left in the table :

22.Draw a sectional view of an apple and label the different parts of an ovary in it. Fruits develop from an ovary. Then why is apple referred to as a false fruit ?

23.List four benefits to human life by eliminating the use of CFCs.

24.Why is the process of fertilisation in a flowering plant referred to as double fertilisation ?

25.Plenty of algal bloom is observed in a pond in your locality.
(a) Write what has caused this bloom and how does it affect the quality of water.
(b) Suggest a preventive measure.

26."Growing spirulina on a large scale is beneficial both environmentally and nutritionally for humans." Justify.

27.Given below is a graph depicting organismic response to changing external conditions. According to their response the organisms are grouped into two types. Name the type which will show
(i) pattern A and
(ii) pattern B.

27.Given below is a graph depicting organismic response to changing external conditions. According to their response the organisms are grouped into two types. Name the type which will show
(i) pattern A and
(ii) pattern B.

28.Both Down's syndrome and Turner's syndrome are examples of chromosomal disorders. Cite the differences between the two, at the chromosomal level.

29.Can you suggest a method to remove oil (hydrocarbon) from seeds based on your understanding of rDNA technology and chemistry of oil?

30.State the microbes which help in the commercial production of the following products:
(a) Statin
(b) Citric acid
(c) Penicillin
(d) Butyric acid

31.A woman with blood group O married a man with AB group. Show the possible blood groups of the progeny. List the alleles involved in this inheritance.

32.(a) Expand IUD. (b) Why is hormone releasing IUD considered a good contraceptive to space children?

33.Where are fimbriae present in a human female reproductive system? Give their function.

34.Explain metastasis. Why is it fatal?

35.Show by a series of diagrams the manner of transverse binary fission in Planaria.

36.On a trip to Sunderbans your friend saw many mangroves.As a biologist how will you explain to your friend that
(i) they are halophytes.
(ii) they have pneumatophores, the term he had heard but did not understand?

37.Construct a grazing food chain and detritus food chain using the following, with 5 links each: Earthworm, bird, snake, vulture, grass, grasshopper, frog, decaying plant matter.

38.A woman with B blood group married a man with A blood group. They had 2 sons and both had O group. Show the possibility of such an inheritance. List the alleles involved in determining the blood group.

39.Name the bacterium that causes typhoid. Mention two diagnostic symptoms. How is this disease transmitted to others?

40.How do the following help in cancer treatment?
(a) alpha Interferon
(b) radiotherapy.

41.Name the hormones involved in regulation of spermatogenesis.

42.Draw a neat diagram of false fruit of apple.

43. Given below is an incomplete flow chart showing influence of hormones on gametogenesis in males. Observe the flow chart carefully and fill in the blanks A, B, C, and D.

44.Following are the features of genetic codes. What does each one indicate?
Stop codon; Unambiguous codon: Degenerate codon: Universal codon.

45.Assess the effects of loss of biodiversity in a region. Mention any four such effects.

46.If succession starts in a newly formed lake and a barren rocky area simultaneously,
(a) Name the pioneer species that will invade in both the cases.
(b) What will be the end result of both these successions?

47.Explain the methods of plant breeding for disease resistance.

48.How does the application of the fungal genus, Glomus, to the agricultural farm increase the farm output ?

49.Suggest two practices giving one example of each, that help protect rare or threatened species.

50.A hemophilic father can never pass the gene for hemophilia to his son. Explain.

51.What is bagging technique? How is it useful in a plant breeding programme?

52.Can you think of a situation where we deliberately want to make a species extinct? How would you justify it?

53.Suggest two practices giving one example of each, that help protect rare or threatened species.

54.Identify two ways in which Spirulina is helpful to mankind.

55.A crane had DDT level as 5 ppm in its body. What would happen to the population of such birds? Explain giving reasons.

56.Coconut palm is monoecious while date palm is dioecious. Why are they called so?

57.(a) Name the lymphoid organ in humans where all the blood cells are produced.
(b) Where do the lymphocytes produced by the lymphoid organ mentioned above migrate and how do they affect immunity?

58.A person was born without thymus gland but otherwise normal.Mention any four ways in which the person is likely to suffer due to its absence.

59.Differentiate between male and female heterogamety.

60.Mention two strategies evolved to prevent self-pollination in flowers.

61.How is gene of interest amplified using polymerase chain reaction?

62.Suggest four advanced ex-situ methods to conserve threatened biodiversity.

63.What are the various ways the transgenic animals are used to the benefits of human being ?

64.Differentiate between:
(a) Grazing food chain and detritus food chain.
(b) Primary and secondary productivity.

65.During an excavation assignment, scientists collected pollen grains of a plant preserved in deeper layers of soil. Analyse the properties of pollen grains which help in the fossilization.

66.Name the interaction in each of the following:
(a) Cuscuta growing on a shoe flower plant.
(b) Mycorrhizae living on the roots of higher plants.
(c) Clown fish living among the tentacles of sea anemone.
(d) Koel laying her eggs in crow’s nest.

67.Explain accelerated eutrophication. Mention any two consequences of this phenomenon.

68.List the two main propositions of Oparin and Haldane.

69.Define parthenogenesis.Give one example of parthenogenesis from plants and one from animals.

69.Define parthenogenesis.Give one example of parthenogenesis from plants and one from animals.

70.In an open heart surgery the patient is put on a heart-lung machine.How will the role of the heart and the lung of the person get performed by the machine.

71.Explain what is meant by metastasis.

72.Arrange the following terms in the correct developmental sequence:
Pollen grain, sporogenous tissue, microspore tetrad, pollen mother cell, male gametes

73.(a) A patient who had an organ transplant was given cyclosporin– A. Mention the microbial source and state the reason for administration of this bioactive molecule.
(b) Bottled fruit juices bought from the market are clearer as compared to those made at home. Give reason.

74.The following observations were listed by an Agriculture Research Institute during a study on breeding plants for developing resistance to insect pests:
Some wheat plants have solid stem.
Some maize plants have high aspartic acid.
What will be the benefit of the characteristics to the above cited plants?

75.State the principle underlying 'gel electrophoresis' and mention two applications of this technique in biotechnology.

76.Read the sequence of the nucleotides in the given segment of mRNA and the respective amino acid sequence in the polypeptide chain.

77.(a) Write the conditions under which 'J' and 'S' shaped growth related population curves are observed.
(b) In a bacterial culture, which one of the growth curves mentioned above would be observed first and why?

78.Mention one application for each of the following :
(a) Passive immunization
(b) Antihistamine
(c) Colostrum
(d) Cytokinin-barrier

79.State one advantage and one disadvantage of cleistogamy.

80.Describe the inheritance of haemophilia as a sex-linked disease.

81.To reduce the percentage of population suffering from hunger and malnutrition, microbes are grown on a large scale to act as food supplements. Mention any two microbes used as food supplement and suggest their role.

82.List two essential roles of ribosome during translation.

83.How is diapause different from hibernation?

84.What are the latest methods of detection of cancer?

85.Many freshwater animals can not survive in the marine environment. Explain.

86.Mention one application for each of the following :
(a) Passive immunization
(b) Antihistamine
(c) Colostrum
(d) Cytokinin-barrier

87.(a) Name the greenhouse gases that caused global warming.(b) Which of them has caused ozone hole and how?

88.The alarming population growth is leading to scarcity of basic requirements. Suggest with reason, any two population control measures other than contraception to address the situation.

89.During a cytological study conducted on the chromosomes of the insects, it was observed that only 50% of the sperms had a specific structure after spermatogenesis. Name the structure and write its significance in sex determination of insects.

90.How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual reproduction?

91.North America faces the following problems :
a)Tallgrass prairie has been cleared for developmental activities and agriculture.
b) Horticultural introduction of English Ivy plants poses a serious threat to the indigenous species. What are the effects of the above human activities on the biodiversity ?

92.(i) In which disease is there an uncontrolled division of cells resulting in formation of tumours? How is this disease detected? (ii) How do interferons help in controlling the disease?

93.To reduce the percentage of population suffering from hunger and malnutrition, microbes are grown on a large scale to act as food supplements. Mention any two microbes used as food supplement and suggest their role.

94.Which part of the plant is best suited for making virus-free plants and why?

95.Write important features of a sedimentary cycle in an ecosystem.

96.Give the binomials of two types of yeast and the commercial bioactive products they help to produce.

97.Describe the role of lymph nodes in providing immunity.

98.If a marine fish is placed in a freshwater aquarium, will the fish be able to survive? Why or why not?

99.List the events that reduce the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of a primary effluent during sewage treatment.

100.List the specific symptoms of amoebiasis. Name the causative organism.

101.Suggest four important steps to produce a disease resistant plant through conventional plant breeding technology.

102.Name the blank spaces a, b, c and d from the table given below:

103.Explain the cause of algal bloom in a water body. How does it affect an ecosystem?

104.Two green potted plants were kept separately inside oxygen free bell jars, one in sunlight and the other in dark.Which of the two plants will survive for longer period and why?

105.Define Respiratory Quotient (R.Q) .Mention one food constituent each upon whose complete oxidation.
(i) R.Q is 1.
(ii) R.Q is less than 1.

106.A graph plotted between population size and environmental gradient (e.g nutrient light , temperature) is given below:

107.What is parturition? Which hormones are involved in induction of parturition?

108.Why do you think the zygote is dormant for sometime in a fertilized ovule?

109.Success rate of artificial insemination in cattle is fairly low. Identify any other technique to improve the successful production of hybrids. State two advantages of this technique.

110.If one can induce parthenocarpy through the application of growth substances, which fruits would you select to induce parthenocarpy and why?

111.What is primary productivity? Give brief description of factors that affect primary productivity.

112.Fed up of a large family, a couple wanted to adopt a terminal method of contraception. Describe the process conducted by the doctor in either of the cases (male / female partner).

113.What kind of areas are suitable for practicing apiculture ? Write the scientific name of the variety commonly reared for the purpose.

114.List four benefits to human life by eliminating the use of CFCs.

115.Suggest two practices giving one example of each, that help protect rare or threatened species.

116.Why is the structure of an antibody molecule represented as H2L2 ? Name any two types of antibodies produced in a human body.

117.Draw a neat diagrammatic representation of a mature embryo sac.

118.Write a note on incomplete dominance seen in starch grain size in Pea seeds.

119.During a cytological study conducted on the chromosomes of the insects, it was observed that only 50% of the sperms had a specific structure after spermatogenesis. Name the structure and write its significance in sex determination of insects.

120.Explain the following phases in the menstrual cycle of a human female :
(a) Menstrual phase
(b) Follicular phase

121.DDT content in the water of a lake that supplies drinking water to the nearby villages, is found to be 0.003 ppm. The kingfishers of that area were reported to have 2 ppm of DDT.Why has the concentration increased in these birds? What harm will this cause to the bird population? Name the phenomenon.

122.Success rate of artificial insemination in cattle is fairly low. Identify any other technique to improve the successful production of hybrids. State two advantages of this technique.

123.Name the interaction in each of the following:
(a) Clown fish living among the tentacles of sea anemone.
(b) Sucker fish lives attached to the shark.
(c) Smaller barnacles disappeared when Balanus dominated in the coast of Scotland.
(d) Wasp pollinating fig inflorescence.

124.A student unknowingly crushed a cockroach under his shoes.Finding that no red fluid comparable to vertebrate blood came out, he was curious to know whether the cockroaches are at any disadvantage.How will you satisfy his curiosity?

125.Enlist various paleontological evidences to support evolution.

126.In a flowering plant a microspore mother cell produce four male gametophytes while a megaspore mother cell form only one female gametophyte. Explain.

127.Differentiate between the genetic codes given below : (a) Unambiguous and Universal (b) Degenerate and Initiator

128.What is corpus luteum and under what conditions does it undergo degeneration ?

129.Evaluate the effect of loss of biodiversity in a region. Mention any four such effects.

130.Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.

131.(a) Differentiate between zoospore and zygote.
(b) Which parts of flower develop into perisperm and pericarp?

132.To reduce the percentage of population suffering from hunger and malnutrition, microbes are grown on a large scale to act as food supplements. Mention any two microbes used as food supplement and suggest their role.

133.How do surgical procedures prevent conception in humans? Mention the way it is achieved in human males.

134.Write the binomials of two fungi and mention the products/bioactive molecules they help to produce.

135.(a) Why do organisms like algae and fungi shift from asexual mode of reproduction to sexual mode ? (b) What is a juvenile phase in organisms ?

136.The leaf cells of the coconut tree have 32 chromosomes.What will be the number of chromosomes in the following parts?
(a) Coconut kernel
(b) Coconut pollen

137.Name the group of cells the HIV enters after getting into the human body. What happens in these cells and what are these cells subsequently referred to as ? Name the next group of cells the HIV attacks from here.

138.Mention two applications of DNA polymorphism.

139.Draw a neat diagram of DNA double helix.

140.'Adenosine deaminase deficiency can be treated permanently'. Explain.

141.Complete the table

142.What are sacred groves? What is their role in conservation?

143.Name the phenomenon, in which a single gene product produces more than one phenotypic effect. Give an example of it, one each from plants and human.

144.Why are small birds like hummingbirds not found in polar regions?

145.Evaluate the effect of loss of biodiversity in a region. Mention any two such effects.

146.Besides acting as 'conduits' for energy transfer across trophic levels, predators play other important roles. Justify.

147.You have developed a GM organism. Which government organisation will you approach to obtain clearance for its mass production? Why is such a body necessary? Give two reasons.

148.Name the cell from which the endosperm of coconut develops. Give the characteristic features of endosperm of coconut.

149.In a biotechnology lab a teacher wants to demonstrate a technique for which some of the requirements are calcium ions, ice and heat. Identify the technique the teacher wants to demonstrate and explain the procedure.

150.Name a genus of baculovirus. Why are they considered good biocontrol agents?

151.Mention the ploidy of the different types of cells present in the female gametophyte of an angiosperm.

152.During the secondary treatment of the primary effluent how does the significant decrease in BOD occur?

153.Differentiate between the genetic codes given below :
(a) Unambiguous and Universal (b) Degenerate and Initiator

154.State the relationship between biotic potential and environmental resistance.

155.Name the type of immunity the colostrum provides to a newborn baby. Write giving an example where this type of immunity should be provided to a person.

156.Name the enzyme that catalyses carboxylation as well as oxygenation reaction.In which cell organelle, is this enzyme found and in what way, is that organelle different in the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells?

157.Mention the role of histone proteins in the packaging of DNA to form the structure of chromatin fiber.

158.Explain the contribution of Thermus aquaticus in the amplification of a gene of interest.

159.What is adaptive radiation ? Give 2 examples.

160.Name the muscular and the glandular layers of human uterus. Which one of these layers undergoes cyclic changes during menstrual cycle? Name the hormone essential for the maintenance of this layer.

161.Give the binomials of two types of yeast and the commercial bioactive products they help to produce.

162.Suryakant had banana plantation in his field. Quality of the fruit was excellent but the yield suffered due to infection of the plants by a virus. Suggest a fast and efficient method to get healthy and a large number of plants in the next generation without compromising on the existing quality. Justify the selection of your method.

163.How does a test cross help to determine the genotype of an individual ?

164.Protein synthesis machinery revolves around RNA but in the course of evolution it was replaced by DNA. Justify.

165.Name the flowering plant which employs 'sexual deceit' to get pollinated by a species of bee. Write how pollination occurs in this flower.

166.(a) A patient who is suffering from myocardial infarction is given a clot buster as part of his treatment. Mention the clot buster administered and its microbial source.(b) A person recuperating from illness is advised to have curd regularly. Why?

167. Dicky is a severe alcohol addict, who ignores social norms. Since his consumption has increased, the family locked him away from alcohol. This lead to his manifestation of characteristic syndrome. i) Name the syndrome and give reason for its display. ii) List the symptoms that are shown by Dicky.

168.A plant of Antirrhinum majus with red flowers was crossed with another plant of the same species with white flowers. The plants of the F1 generation bore pink flowers. Explain the pattern of inheritance with the help of a cross.

169.In an agricultural field there is a prevalence of the following organisms and crop diseases which are affecting the crop yield badly : (a) White rust (b) Leaf and stripe rust (c) Black rot (d) Jassids Recommend the varieties of crops the farmers should grow to get rid of the existing problem and thus improve the crop yield.

170.Certain species of wasps are seen to frequently visit flowering fig trees. What type of interaction is seen between them and why?

171.Expand GPP and NPP. Differentiate between the two.

172.What is an allergy? Name the antibody responsible for it. Also, mention two chemicals released from the mast cells during an allergic reaction.

173.What is a cistron ? Why is the structural gene in a transcription unit of eukaryotes called monocistronic and that in prokaryotes/bacteria called polycistronic ? Give reasons.

174.List the two methodologies which were involved in the human genome project. Mention how they were used.

175.What does the comparison between the eyes of Octopus and those of mammals say about their ancestry and evolution?

176.Differentiate between the genetic codes given below : (a) Unambiguous and Universal (b) Degenerate and Initiator

177.Assess the effects of loss of biodiversity in a region. Mention any four such effects.

178.Draw a neat diagram of structure of a human sperm.

179.The alarming population growth is leading to scarcity of basic requirements.Suggest with reasons, any two population control measures other than contraception to address the situation.

180.Differentiate between morula and blastula stages of mammalian embryo.

181.How does waterlogging and soil salinity have negative impacts on agriculture ?

182.How many cells are present in the pollen grains at the time of their release from anther ? Name the cells.

183.Keeping beehives in crop fields has several advantages. List any two.

184.In a particular plant species, majority of the plants bear purple flowers. Very few plants bear white flowers. No intermediate colours are observed. If you are given a plant with purple flowers, how would you confirm that it is a pure breed for that trait? Explain.

185.Show by a series of diagrams the manner of regeneration in a hydra if it is cut into two pieces transversely at the middle.

186.Ishihara colour vision test report confirmed that Master Rahul is colour blind.The same test for his mother and father confirmed that both are having normal vision.With your knowledge of genetics.
Justify the reports.
If Rahul has a brother what type of vision will he have?

187.List four benefits to human life by eliminating the use of CFCs

188.(a) State the primary requirement to ensure cross breeding experiments in plants.
(b) Name the techniques which help to achieve this requirement.

189.Differentiate between Graafian follicle and corpus luteum. (any two points).

190.Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.

191.Explain brood parasitism with the help of an example.

192.Why do sports persons often fall victim to cocaine addiction?

193.Where are the Leydig cells present? What is their role in reproduction?

194.In the root nodules of leguminous plants, what is the role of nitrogenase and leghemoglobin?

195.What are recombinant proteins? How do bioreactors help in their production?

196.Define Parthenogenesis.Give one example of parthenogenesis from plants and one example from animals.

197.How is the translation of mRNA terminated? Explain.

198.Differentiate between the genetic codes given below :
(a) Unambiguous and Universal
(b) Degenerate and Initiator

199.What are the important roles played by predators in an ecosystem ?

200.(a) The graph below represents the growth patterns of two types of aquatic organisms over a brief period of time in a water body surrounded by an agricultural land extensively supplied with fertilisers. Identify the organisms that would represent (i) A and (ii) B.
(b) State the reason for such a change in the water body and also write the term given to it.

201.Mention the evolutionary significance of the following organisms : (a) Shrews (b) Lobefins (c) Homo habilis (d) Homo erectus

202.Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned in our country. Is this ban necessary? Comment.

203.An orchid plant is growing on the branch of mango tree. How do you describe this interaction between the orchid and the mango tree?

204.What happens to corpus luteum in the human female if the ovum is
(a) fertilized,
(b) not fertilized

205.Both Down's syndrome and Turner's syndrome are examples of chromosomal disorders. Cite the differences between the two, at the chromosomal level.

206.Name the hormonal composition of the oral contraceptive used by human females. Explain how it acts as a contraceptive.

207.Draw a labelled diagram of the sectional view of a pollen grain.

208.List the specific symptoms of typhoid. Name its causative agent.

209.Name the two special types of lymphocytes in humans. How do they differ in their roles in immune response?

210. a) A patient who is suffering from myocardial infarction is given a clot buster as part of his treatment. Mention the clot buster administered and its microbial source. b) A person recuperating from illness is advised to have curd regularly. Why?

211.How has Agrobacterium tumefaciens been suitably modified to act as a cloning vector?

212.Write the scientific name of the common species of honey-bees found in India. Mention any two benefits of keeping bee-hives in crop fields during flowering periods.

213.Differentiate between outcrossing and cross breeding.

214.Discuss the various steps undertaken by the Indian Government to overcome population explosion.

215.Lower BOD of a water body helps reappearance of clean-water organisms. Explain.

216.What do the forelimbs of whales, bats and cheetah with respect to evolution signify ? Provide one such example in plants.

217.Draw a neat diagram of DNA double helix.

218.What are the effects of deforestation ?

219.By taking two examples explain how has bio-fortification helped in improving food quality.

220.Removal of gonads cannot be considered as a contraceptive option. Why?