1. The process of migration from plain areas to pastures on mountains during summers and again from mountain pastures to plain areas during winters is known as __________.

Ans: transhumance

2. Which one of the following is not a plantation crop?
(a) Coffee
(b) Sugarcane
(c) Wheat
(d) Rubber

Ans: (c) Wheat

3. In which one of the following countries co-operative farming was the most successful experiment?
(a) Russia
(b) Denmark
(c) India
(d) The Netherlands

Ans: (b) Denmark

4. Growing of flowers is called:
(a) Truck farming
(b) Factory farming
(c) Mixed farming
(d) Floriculture

Ans: (d) Floriculture

5. Which one of the following types of cultivation was developed by European colonists?
(a) Kolkoz
(b) Viticulture
(c) Mixed farming
(d) Plantation

Ans: (d) Plantation

6. In which one of the following regions is extensive commercial grain cultivation not practised?
(a) American Canadian prairies
(b) European Steppes
(c) Pampas of Argentina
(d) Amazon Basin

Ans: (d) Amazon Basin

7. In which of the following types of agriculture is the farming of citrus fruit very important?
(a) Market gardening
(b) Plantation agriculture
(c) Mediterranean agriculture
(d) Co-operative farming

Ans: (c) Mediterranean agriculture

8. Which one type of agriculture amongst the following is also called 'slash and burn agriculture'?
(a) Extensive subsistence agriculture
(b) Primitive subsistence agriculture
(c) Extensive commercial grain cultivation
(d) Mixed farming

Ans: (b) Primitive subsistence agriculture

9. Which one of the following does not follow monoculture?
(a) Dairy farming
(b) Mixed farming
(c) Plantation agriculture
(d) Commercial grain farming

Ans: (b) Mixed farming

10. Future of shifting cultivation is bleak. Discuss.

Ans:

• The major problems of shifting cultivation is that the cycle of jhum becomes less and less due to loss of fertility in different parcels.
• Restriction from Goverment side that makes difficult for tribals to practice shifting cultivation.
• Lack of interest in current youth in practicing shifting cultivation.
• Soil Erosion and Land slides are the side effects of Shifting cultivation.
• Shifting cultivation can only be enough to produce for self consumption and won;t be sufficient to take care of the market demands.

11. What is transhumance?

Ans: The process of migration from plain areas to pastures on mountains during summers and again from mountain pastures to plain areas during winters is known as transhumance.

11. List the reasons why the pastoral nomads are decreasing.

Ans: The reasons are as follows:

• (a) imposition of political boundaries.
• (b) new settlement plans by different countries.

12. Market gardening is practised near urban areas. Why?

Ans: Market gardening has specialisation in the cultivation of high value crops such as vegetables, fruits and flowers and they solely for the urban markets for the following reasons:

• Farms are small and are located where there are good transportation links with the urban centre.
• There are high income to purchase the produce in urban areas.

13. Large scale dairy farming is the result of the development of transportation and refrigeration.

Ans: Dairy products has a very small shelf life.They need refrigeration for storage and hence there is as the increase in dairy farming the development of transportation and refrigeration has improved.

14. Explain Nomadic Herding or Pastoral Nomadism.

Ans:

• Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism is a primitive subsistence activity, in which the herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transport.
• They move from one place to another along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures and water.
• Each nomadic community occupies a well-identified territory as a matter of tradition

15. Why is the number of pastoral nomads decreasing?

Ans: The number of pastoral nomads has been decreasing and the areas operated by them shrinking. This is due to (a) imposition of political boundaries; (b) new settlement plans by different countries.