1.Differentiate between psychometric and information-processing approaches to intelligence.
(Chapter 1 : Variations in Psychological Attributes)
Ans:
Psychometric Approach | Information-Processing Approach |
---|---|
This approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities. | This approach deals on how an intelligent person acts. |
It expresses the individual’s performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities. | It mostly focuses mostly on emphasising studying cognitive functions underlying intelligent behaviour. |
2.State any TWO techniques of self regulation.
(Chapter 2 : Self and Personality)
Ans:
Self-regulation refers to our ability to organise and monitor our own behaviour.
Techniques of self regulation are as follows:
3.State the characteristics of stress resistant personality.
(Chapter 3: Meeting Life Challenges)
Ans:
As per studies by Kobasa it is shown that people with high level of stress and low level
illness share three characteristics which are called personality traits of hardiness.
The three characteristics ie the three C’s are commitment , control and challenge.
Hardiness is a set of beliefs about oneself, the world, and how they interact.
Commitment: It takes shape as a sense of what you are doing. For example a sense of control
over your life, and a feeling of challenge.
Control: Control on purpose and direction in life. Example commitment to work, family,
hobbies and social life.
Challenge: they see changes in life as normal and positive rather than as a threat.
4.Differentiate between self-esteem and self-efficacy.
(Chapter 2 : Self and Personality)
Ans:
Self-Esteem | Self-Efficacy |
---|---|
In this an individual makes some judgment about our own value or worth. | In this an individual believes they themselves control their life outcomes or the outcomes are controlled by luck or fate or other situational factors, e.g. passing an examination. |
In order to understand self-esteem of an individual they are presented with a variety of statements (for example :s “I am good at homework”, or “I am the one usually chosen for the games”, or “I am highly liked by my peers”) and asked to indicate the extent to which those statements are true for her or him.If they are reported as true the individual is having a high self -esteem. | A person who believes that s/he has the ability or behaviours required by a particular situation demonstrates high self-efficacy. |
5.What do you understand by Type-C personality?
(Chapter 2 : Self and Personality)
Ans:
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6.Describe any TWO factors from the Five Factor Model of personality. ?
(Chapter 2 : Self and Personality)
Ans:
Openness to experience : Those who score high on this factor are imaginative, curious,
open to new ideas, and interested in cultural pursuits. In contrast, those who score low
are rigid.
Extraversion : It characterises people who are socially active, assertive, outgoing,
talkative, and fun loving. On its opposite are people who are shy.
7.How are IQ scores distributed in a population ?
(Chapter 1 : Variations in Psychological Attributes)
Ans:
IQ Range | Descriptive Label | Percent in the Population |
---|---|---|
Above 130 | Very superior | 2.2 |
120-130 | Superior | 6.7 |
110-119 | High Average | 16.1 |
90-109 | Average | 50.0 |
80-89 | Low Average | 16.1 |
70-79 | Borderline | 6.7 |
Below 70 | Mentally challenged/retarded | 2.2 |
8.How is personal identity different from social identity?
(Chapter 2 : Self and Personality)
Ans:
Personal Identity | Social Identity |
---|---|
Personal identity refers to those attributes of a person that make her/him different from others. | Social identity refers to those aspects of a person that link her/him to a social or cultural group. |
When a person tells about herself/himself by telling its name, qualities, characteristics,potentialities, capabilities,hobbies, beliefs, the person is disclosing his/her identity. | When someone says that s/he is a Hindu or a Muslim, a Brahmin or an adivasi or a North Indian or a South Indian, or something like these, s/he is trying to indicate her/his social identity. |
9.Explain information-processing approach to understand intelligence.
(Chapter 1 : Variations in Psychological Attributes)
Ans:
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10.How does humanistic-existential model explain psychological disorders ?
(chapter 4: Psychological Disorders)
Ans:
11.State two psychological disorders in which cognitive behaviour therapy is used for treatment.
(chapter 5 :Therapeutic Approaches)
Ans:
Psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, panic attacks, and borderline personality
are treated with the help of Cognitive behaviour Therapy.
13.What is the meaning of logotherapy?
(chapter 5 :Therapeutic Approaches)
Ans:
Logos is the Greek word for soul and Logotherapy means treatment for the soul. Victor Frankl,
a psychiatrist and neurologist propounded the Logotherapy.
14.Differentiate between self as subject and self as object.
(Chapter 2: Self and Personality)
Ans:
self as subject | self as object |
---|---|
Example : I am a dancer. Here is the self is a subject. | Example : I am one who easily gets hurt Here the self is described as an "object". |
As a subject (actor) the self actively engages in the process of knowing itself. | As an object (consequence) the self gets observed and comes to be known. |
15.What is emotional intelligence?
(Chapter 1 : Variations in Psychological Attributes)
Ans:
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Explain the role of social support in promoting positive health and well-being.
(Chapter 3 :Meeting Life Challenges)
Ans:
Social support is defined as the existence and availability of people on whom we can rely
upon, people who let us know that they care about, value, and love us.
Social support is divided into
Tangible support : involves assistance in terms of material aid like money, goods,services,
for example a child in school gives her notes to her friend as she was absent due to sickness.
Informational support: An example of informational support is like a student facing difficulties
in board exam, so in such a case if a friend who already have an idea gives the detail information
will help to plan for the exam in an effective manner. During times of stress, one may experience
sadness, anxiety, and loss of self-esteem.
Emotional support: Friends , family provide emotional support making the individual feel
loved, valued and cared for. Research has signified that social support effectively reduces
psychological distress such as depression or anxiety, during times of stress and hence is
positively related to psychological well-being.
17.Explain linguistic intelligence.
(Chapter 1 : Variations in Psychological Attributes)
Ans:
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18.Elucidate any TWO characteristics of emotionally intelligent individual.
(Chapter 1 : Variations in Psychological Attributes)
Ans:
The characteristics of emotionally intelligent persons are :
19.What is meant by self-actualisation ?
(Chapter3 : Meeting Life Challenges)
Ans:
20.State four characteristics of psychotherapeutic approaches.
(Chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches)
Ans:
(i) there is systematic application of principles underlying the different theories of therapy,
(ii) persons who have received practical training under expert supervision can practice
psychotherapy, and not everybody. An untrained person may unintentionally cause more harm
than any good
(iii) the therapeutic situation involves a therapist and a client who seeks and receives
help for her/his emotional problems (this person is the focus of attention in the therapeutic
process), and
(iv) the interaction of these two persons — the therapist and the client — results in the
consolidation/formation of the therapeutic relationship.
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21.What is occupational therapy ?
(chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches)
Ans:
In occupational therapy, patients are taught skills such as
22.What is group polarisation?
(Chapter 7: Social Influence and Group Processes)
Ans:
A group gets stronger as a result of discussions in the group. This strengthening of the
group’s initial position as a result of group interaction and discussion is referred to as
group polarisation.
23.Explain the term frustration.
(Chapter 8 : Psychology and Life)
Ans:
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24.Explain the term aggression.
(Chapter 8 : Psychology and Life)
Ans:
25.Explain discrimination in the context of poverty.
(Chapter 8 : Psychology and life)
Ans:
26.Explain the term crowding.
(Chapter 8 : Psychology and Life)
Ans:
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27.Describe the method of participant observation.
(Chapter 9: Developing Psychological Skills)
Ans:
When the observer is actively involved in the process of observing by becoming an active
member of the setting where the observation takes place is called
participant observation.
For example, an observer may take a part-time job in a shopping mall showroom to become
an insider in order to observe behaviour of customers. This technique is widely used by anthropologists
whose objective is to gain a firsthand perspective of a system from within which otherwise
may not be readily available to an outsider.
28.State two skills of an effective psychologist.
(Chapter 9: Developing Psychological Skills)
Ans:
The skills required to become an effective psychologist are :
General Skills: It is one of the important skills and required by all type of psychologist
irrespective of their specialisation. Examples of General skills are :
29.What are norms?
(Chapter 7: Social Influence and Group Processes)
Ans:
Norms are expected standards of behaviour and beliefs established, agreed upon, and enforced
by group members.
In your family, there are norms that guide the behaviour of family members.
These norms represent shared ways of viewing the world.
30.What do you understand by the term skill?
(Chapter 9: Developing Psychological Skills)
Ans:
The term ‘skill’ may be defined as proficiency, facility or dexterity that is acquired or
developed through training and experience.
The Webster dictionary defines it as “possession of the qualities required to do something
or get something done”.
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31.Explain separation anxiety disorder (SAD).
(Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders)
Ans:
32.Extreme cohesiveness within a group becomes harmful for functioning. Explain.
(Chapter 7 : Social Influence and Group Processes)
Ans:
33.What is public communication?
(Chapter 9:Developing Psychological Skills)
Ans:
Public communication is characterised by a speaker sending a message to an audience.It may
be direct, such as face-to-face messages delivered by the speaker to an audience, or indirect,
such as message relayed over radio or television.
34.Explain the term phobias.
(Chapter 4 : Psychological Disorders)
Ans:
You might have met or heard of someone who was afraid to travel in a lift or climb to the
tenth floor of a building, or refused to enter a room if s/he saw a lizard. You may have
also felt it yourself or seen a friend unable to speak a word of a well-memorised and rehearsed
speech before an audience. These kinds of fears are termed as phobias.
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35.Differentiate between minimalistic perspective and instrumental perspective of human environment
relationship.
(Chapter 8 : Psychology and life)
Ans:
Minimalistic Perspective | Instrumental Perspective |
---|---|
The minimalist perspective assumes that the physical environment has minimal or negligible influence on human behaviour, health and wellbeing. | The instrumental perspective suggests that the physical environment exists mainly for use by human beings for their comfort and well-being. |
The physical environment and human beings exist as parallel components. | Most of the human influences on the environment reflect the instrumental perspective. |
36.Explain minimalist perspective of human-environment relationship.
(Chapter 8 : Psychology and Life)
Ans:
The minimalist perspective assumes that the physical environment has minimal or negligible
influence on human behaviour, health and wellbeing. The physical environment and human beings
exist as parallel components.
37.What is pro-environmental behaviour ?
(Chapter 8 : Psychology and Life)
Ans:
Pro-environmental behaviour includes both actions that are meant to protect the environment
from problems, and to promote a healthy environment.
Some promotive actions to protect the environment from pollution are :
38.How does the traditional Indian view explain the human – environment relationship?
(Chapter 8 : Psychology and Life)
Ans:
The traditional Indian view about the environment supports the spiritual perspective. Human
beings recognise the interdependent relationship between themselves and the environment,
i.e. human beings will exist and will be happy only as long as the environment is kept healthy
and natural.
We have at least two examples of this perspective in our country, viz. the customs of the
Bishnoi community of Rajasthan, and the Chipko movement in the Uttarakhand region.
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39.What are the effects of noise on human behaviour?
(Chapter 8: Psychology and life)
Ans:
40.What is paraphrasing?
(Chapter 9 : Developing Psychological Skills)
Ans:
When someone is listening to you and told to restate what you said, at that time the person
is not able to repeat your exact words.S/he makes a summary of the ideas just received and
provides you with a restatement of what s/he understands.This is called
"paraphrasing". It allows you to understand how much s/he understood of what was communicated.
41.What is substance dependence?
(Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders)
Ans:
In substance dependence, there is an intense craving for the substance to which the person
is addicted, and the person shows tolerance, withdrawal symptoms and compulsive drug-taking.
Tolerance means that the person has to use more and more of a substance to get the same
effect.
Withdrawal refers to physical symptoms that occur when a person stops or cuts down on the
use of the substance.
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42.How is empathy different from sympathy?
(Chapter 5:Therapeutic Approaches)
Ans:
In sympathy, one has compassion and pity towards the suffering of another but is not able
to feel like the other person.
On the other hand, empathy is present when one is able to understand the plight of another
person, and feel like the other person.
It means understanding things from the other person’s perspective, i.e. putting oneself
in the other person’s shoes.
Empathy enriches the therapeutic relationship and transforms it into a healing relationship.
43.What is biofeedback?
(Chapter3 : Meeting Life Challenges)
Ans:
Biofeedback is an effective stress management technique.
The procedure of biofeedback is to monitor and reduce physiological aspects of stress by
giving feedback about the current physiological activities.
If often involves relaxation training.
Biofeedback training has three stages:
a)to develop an awareness of the particular physiological response for example heart rate.
b) to learn different ways to control the physiological response in quiet conditions.
c) making use of the control into conditions of everyday life.
44.Explain the concept of "unconditional positive regard".
(Chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches)
Ans:
Unconditional positive regard is the relation that the therapist shows towards the client
during treatment.The therapist conveys by her/his words and behaviours that s/he is not judging
the client and will continue to show the same positive feelings towards the client even if
the client is rude or confides all the ‘wrong’ things that s/he may have done or thought
about.
The therapist encourages this by being accepting, empathic, genuine and warm to the client.
45.Explain social stress as a type of stress.
(Chapter3 : Meeting Life Challenges)
Ans:
46.Explain pervasive developmental disorder.
(Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders)
Ans:
47.Explain binge eating.
(Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders)
Ans:
48.What is existential anxiety?
(Chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches)
Ans:
49.What is meant by compliance?
(Chapter 7 : Social Influence and Group Processes)
Ans: