1. What are the developments that took take that helped to revive the Italian culture.
(Chapter 7 : Changing Cultural Traditions)

Ans:

• The expansion of trade between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic countries, the ports on the Italian coast revived.
• The Mongols opened up trade with China via the Silk Route and as trade with western European countries also increased, Italian towns played a central role.

2.The universities of Padua and Bologna had been centres of ___________ studies.
a) Medicine
b) Legal
c) Literature
d) Commerce
(Chapter 7 : Changing Cultural Traditions)

Ans: : b) Legal

3.Why was there an increasing demand for lawyers and notaries in the Italian towns in eleventh century ?
(Chapter 7 : Changing Cultural Traditions)

Ans: Commerce being the chief activity in the city, there was an increasing demand for lawyers and notaries to write and interpret rules and written agreements without which trade on a large scale was not possible. Law was therefore a popular subject of study from eleventh century in Italy.

4."Humanities" is derived from the latin word ________.
(Chapter 7 : Changing Cultural Traditions)

Ans:humanitas

5.What were the changes brought by Francesco Petrarch in terms of education?
(Chapter 7 : Changing Cultural Traditions)

Ans:

• To Petrarch, antiquity was a distinctive civilisation which could be best understood through the actual words of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
• He therefore stressed the importance of a close reading of ancient authors.
• This educational programme implied that there was much to be learnt which religious teaching alone could not give.
• By the early fifteenth century, the term "humanist" was used for masters who taught grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and moral philosophy.

6.Define the term "Renaissance Man".
(Chapter 7 : Changing Cultural Traditions)

Ans:The term "Renaissance Man" is often used to describe a person with many interests and skills, because many of the individuals who became well known at this time were people of many parts. They were scholar-diplomat-theologian-artist combined in one.