1.Why do we need international organizations?

Ans:

• International organisations help with matters of war and peace.
• They also help countries cooperate to make better living conditions for us all.

2.Why do some countries question India’s inclusion as a permanent member of the U.N.Security Council? Explain.

Ans:
Following are the reasons :

• India's nuclear weapons capabilities.
• India difficulties with Pakistan will make India ineffective as a permanent member.
• India is included, then other emerging powers will have to be accommodated such as Brazil, Germany, Japan, perhaps even South Africa, whom they oppose.
• There are those who feel that Africa and South America must be represented in any expansion of the permanent membership since those are the only continents not to have representation in the present structure.

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3.Why India claims for the permanent membership of the UN Security Council ?
OR
Highlight any four factors which justify India’s claim to a permanent seat in the U.N. Security Council.

Ans:
Following are the reasons on which India claims for the permanent membership:

• India is the second most populous country in the world comprising almost one-fifth of the world population.
• India is also the world’s largest democracy.
• India has participated in virtually all of the initiatives of the UN.
• Its role in the UN's peacekeeping efforts is a long and substantial one.
• The country's economic emergence on the world stage is another factor that perhaps justifies India’s claim to a permanent seat in the Security Council.
• India has also made regular financial contributions to the UN and never faltered on its payments.

4.Why is Veto power called a negative vote? Should the Veto system be abolished or not?

Ans:
The permanent members of security UN has the veto power and non permanent members does not have it. If any decision has to be taken and if any one of the permanent members gives a negative vote and the rest of the permanent and non permanent members are in favour of the decision, the decision will still get stalled for one negative vote from permanent member and hence the veto power is called a negative vote.
The veto system should not be abolished because there is the danger as in 1945 that the great powers would lose interest in the world body, that they would do what they pleased outside it, and that without their support and involvement the body would be ineffective.

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5.Mention the important functions of World Bank.

Ans:
The main functions of World Bank are as follows:

• The world bank works for human development (education, health), agriculture and rural development (irrigation, rural services), environmental protection (pollution reduction, establishing and enforcing regulations), infrastructure (roads, urban regeneration, electricity) and governance (anti-corruption, development of legal institutions).
• It provides loans and grants to the member-countries.

6.What is Amnesty International?State its main functions.

Ans:
Amnesty International is an NGO that campaigns for the protection of human rights all over the world.
It main function is respect for all human rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.As per Amnesty human rights are interdependent and indivisible.It prepares and publishes reports on human rights.

7.State any two objectives of the Human Rights Watch.

Ans:

• Human Rights Watch is an international NGO involved in research and advocacy on human rights.It is the largest international human rights organisation in the US.
• It draws the global media’s attention to human rights abuses.
• It helped in building international coalitions like the campaigns to ban landmines, to stop the use of child soldiers and to establish the International Criminal Court.

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8.Name the permanent members of the UN Security Council.

Ans:
They are: the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France and China.

9.Mention the reforms in the UN after the Cold War.

Ans:

• Reform of the organisation’s structures and processes.
• A review of the issues that fall within the jurisdiction of the organisation.

10.State the criteria proposed for in the recent years for new permanent member in the UN security council.

Ans:
Following are the criteria proposed for new permanent member:

• A major economic power
• A major military power
• A substantial contributor to the UN budget
• A big nation in terms of its population
• A nation that respects democracy and human rights
• A country that would make the Council more representative of the world's diversity in terms of geography, economic systems, and culture

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11.Mention the complaints related to the UN Security Council that were reflected in the resolution passed by the UN General Assembly in 1992? Describe the criteria that have been proposed for new permanent members of the Security council.

Ans:
The resolution reflected three main complaints:

• The Security Council no longer represents contemporary political realities.
• Its decisions reflect only Western values and interests and are dominated by a few powers.
• It lacks equitable representation.

• A major economic power
• A major military power
• A substantial contributor to the UN budget
• A big nation in terms of its population
• A nation that respects democracy and human rights
• A country that would make the Council more representative of the world's diversity in terms of geography, economic systems, and culture

12.Assess the steps suggested since 2005 to make the United Nations more relevant in the changing context.

Ans:
Following are the steps suggested to make the UN more relevant in the changing context:

• Creation of a Peacebuilding Commission.
• Acceptance of the responsibility of the international community in case of failures of national governments to protect their own citizens from atrocities.
• Establishment of a Human Rights Council.
• Agreements to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
• Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
• Creation of a Democracy Fund.
• An agreement to wind up the Trusteeship Council.

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13.How are international organisations helpful to the nations?

Ans:
Following are the ways in which International Organisation can be helpful:

• International Organisation main purpose is to help with matters of wars into peace.Conflicts seen between countries can be discussed sitting together and can prevent war.
• To help countries cooperate for better living conditions for all.
• To work on eradication of serious diseases by using inoculating or vaccinating their populations.
• To cooperate for issues like global warming,environmental issues etc.
• An international organisation can help produce information and ideas about how to cooperate.
• It can provide mechanisms, rules and bureaucracy, to help members have more confidence that costs and benefits will be fairly divided.