Q 1.The establishment of rule by one country over another is known as:
(a)Imperialism
(b)Capitalism
(c) Colonialism
(d) Feudalism

(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans: (c) Colonialism

Q 2.The emergence of machine production based on the inanimate power resources like steam and electricity is known as
(a) Globalization
(b) Industrialisation
(c) Capitalism
(d) Colonialism

(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans: (b) Industrialisation

Q 3.State the problems faced by labourers on Tea Plantations.
(Social Change and Development in India Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans:

• The colonial government often used unfair means to hire and forcibly keep labourers.
• The colonial administrators were clear that harsh measures were taken against the labourers to make sure they benefited the planters.

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Q 4. Explain the impact of urbanisation on Indian Villages according to Sociologist M.S.A. Rao.
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans:
The impact of urbanisation on Indian Villages as per M.S.A Rao is as follows:

• There are villages in which a sizeable number of people have sought employment in far-off cities.A considerable number of emigrants reside not only in Indian cities but also in overseas towns. There are many overseas migrants from Gujarat villages living in African and British towns.They have built fashionable houses in their natal villages, invested money on land and industry, and have donated literally to the establishment of educational institutions and trusts.
• The second kind of urban impact is to be seen in villages which are situated near an industrial town.Industrial town like Bhilai comes up in the midst of villages, some villages are totally uprooted while the lands of others are partially acquired. The latter are found to receive an influx of immigrant workers, which not only stimulates a demand for houses and a market inside the village but creates problems of ordering relationships between the native residents and the immigrants.
• The growth of metropolitan cities accounts for the third type of urban impact on the surrounding villages.While a few villages are totally absorbed in the process of expansion, only the land of many others, excluding the inhabited area, is used for urban development.

Q 5. Analyse the impact of industrialisation in independent India.
OR
Explain the impact of British industrialisation on Indian Society.
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans:

• Industrialisation refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity.
• In India the impact of the very same British industrialisation led to deindustrialisation in some sectors.
• Traditional exports of cotton and silk manufacturers from India declined in the face of Manchester competition.
• This period also saw the further decline of cities such as Surat and Masulipatnam while Bombay and Madras grew.
• At the end of the 19th century, with the installation of mechanised factory industries, some towns became much more heavily populated.
• In India the initial impact of the same British industrialisation led to more people moving into agriculture.

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Q 6. State the harsh measures undertaken by the British administrators to benefit the planters.
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans: The colonial government often used unfair means to hire and forcibly keep labourers and clearly acted on behalf of the British planters.

Q 7. Why coastal cities were favoured by the colonial rulers?
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans:

• Coastal cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai were favoured as they had a key role in the economic system of empires.
• Primary commodities could be easily exported and manufactured goods could be cheaply imported.
• Colonial cities were the prime link between the economic centre or core in Britain and periphery or margins in colonised India.
• In British India for example Bombay was planned and re-developed so that by 1900 over three-quarters of India's raw cotton were shipped through the city.
• Calcutta exported jute to Dundee while Madras sent coffee, sugar, indigo dyes and cotton to Britain.

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Q 8.How is colonialism different from earlier forms of conquest or domination, and in what ways did it affect Indian society?
OR
How has colonialism affected our lives.
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans: Colonialism distinguished from earlier rules :

• The pre-capitalist conquerors benefited from their domination by exacting a continuous flow of tribute. On the whole they did not interfere with the economic base.
  Whereas British colonialism which was based on a capitalist system directly interfered to ensure greatest profit and benefit to British capitalism. Every policy was geared towards the strengthening and expansion of British capitalism.
• British colonialism not just changed land ownership laws but decided even what crops ought to be grown and what ought not to be.

• British colonialism not just changed land ownership laws but decided even what crops ought to be grown and what ought not to be. It meddled with the manufacturing sector. It altered the way production and distribution of goods took place. It entered into the forests. It cleared trees and started tea plantations.
• It brought in Forest Acts that changed the lives of pastoralists. They were prevented from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle.
• Colonialism also led to considerable movement of people from one part of the country to another.
• Changes were introduced in many spheres -be it legal, cultural or architectural.

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Q 9.Describe the model of the South Asian colonial City.
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans:
The South Asian colonial City had European town with spacious bungalows, elegant apartment houses, planned streets, trees on both sides of the street, clubs for afternoon and evening get-togethers. The open space was reserved for Western recreational facilities, such as race and golf courses, soccer and cricket. When domestic water supply, electric connections, and sewage links were available or technically possible, the European town residents utilised them fully, whereas their use was quite restricted to the native town.

Q 10.What is Colonialism?
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans:
Colonialism simply means the establishment of rule by one country over another.

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Q 11. What is Capitalism?
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans:
Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and organised to accumulate profits within a market system.

Q 12. What is Industrialisation?
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans:
Industrialisation refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity.

Q 13. How is Urbanisation and Industrialisation a linked process?
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans:

• British industrialisation led to deindustrialisation in some sectors.
• Just as manufacturing boomed in Britain, traditional exports of cotton and silk manufacturers from India declined in the face of Manchester competition.
• There was decline of old urban centres such as Surat and Masulipatnam while Bombay and Madras grew.
• The impact of industrialisation led to more people moving into urban areas.
• In India the initial impact of the same British industrialisation led to more people moving into agriculture.

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Q 14. Explain Urbanisation during colonial period.
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans:

• Urbanisation in the colonial period saw the decline of some earlier urban centres and the emergence of new colonial cities and Kolkata was the first one.
• In 1690, an English merchant named Job Charnock arranged to lease three villages named Kolikata, Gobindapur, and Sutanuti by the river Hugli in order to set up a trading post.
• In 1698, Fort William was established by the river for defensive purposes, and a large open area was cleared around the fort for military engagements.
• The fort and the open area (called Maidan) formed the core of the city that emerged rather rapidly.

Q 15. State the difference between empire building during the pre-capitalist and the capitalist periods.
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans:
Pre-capitalist Period
The pre-capitalist conquerors benefited from their domination by exacting a continuous flow of tribute. On the whole they did not interfere with the economic base. They simply took the tribute that was skimmed off the economic surplus that was produced traditionally in the subjugated areas.

Capitalist Period
The British colonialism which was based on a capitalist system directly interfered to ensure greatest profit and benefit to British capitalism. Every policy was geared towards the strengthening and expansion of British capitalism. For instance it changed the very laws of the land. It changed not just land ownership laws but decided even what crops ought to be grown and what ought not to be. It meddled with the manufacturing sector. It altered the way production and distribution of goods took place.

Q 16. Explain Urbanisation in Independent India.
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans:

• There are villages in which a sizeable number of people have sought employment in far-off cities.
• The second kind of urban impact is to be seen in villages which are situated near an industrial town.Industrial town like Bhilai comes up in the midst of villages, some villages are totally uprooted while the lands of others are partially acquired. The latter are found to receive an influx of immigrant workers, which not only stimulates a demand for houses and a market inside the village but creates problems of ordering relationships between the native residents and the immigrants.
• The growth of metropolitan cities accounts for the third type of urban impact on the surrounding villages.While a few villages are totally absorbed in the process of expansion, only the land of many others, excluding the inhabited area, is used for urban development.

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Q 17.Colonial rule in India brought about structural changes in the legal, industrial and architectural spheres. Give examples.
(Social Change and Development in India - Chapter 1: Structural Change)

Ans:
Legal Changes
Forest acts changed the lives of the pastoralists. They were prevented from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle.The forest policy changed from laissez faire to active intervention. The demand for railway sleepers transformed the forests.
The colonial government often used unfair means to hire and forcibly keep labourers.Colonial administrators introduced harsh measures against the labourers by introducing penal sanctions against them in case of non-fulfilment of the contract. The recruitment of labourers was carried on for years mostly by contractors under the provisions of the Transport of Native Labourers Act (No. III) of 1863.
Industrial Changes
As manufacturing boomed in Britain, traditional exports of cotton and silk manufacturers from India declined in the face of Manchester competition that led to deindustrialisation.
It also saw decline of cities like Surat and Masuliptanam while Bombay and Madras grew. The British took over Indian states, towns like Thanjavur, Dhaka, and Murhidabad lost their courts and, therefore, some of their artisans and court gentry.
Architectural Changes Job Charnock leased three villages Sutanuti, Kolikata and Gobindapur in order to set up trading posts. Fort William was established for military engagements.
The European town had spacious bungalows, elegant apartments and so on. When domestic water supply, electric connection and sewage links were available the Europeans residents utilised them fully whereas their use was quite restricted to the native town.