1. Define Culture as per Edward Tylor.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: Culture or civilisation taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

2. Define Culture as per Bronislaw Malinowski.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: Culture comprises inherited artifacts, goods, technical process, ideas, habits and values.

3. Discuss culture as per Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: Culture is…
(a) a way of thinking, feeling, believing.
(b) the total way of life of a people.
(c) an abstraction from behaviour.
(d) learned behaviour.
(e) a storehouse of pooled learning.
(f) the social legacy the individual acquires from his group.
(g) a set of standardised orientations to recurrent problems.
(h) a mechanism for the normative regulation of behaviour.

4. Explain dimensions of culture.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: Three dimensions of culture have been distinguished :
(i) Cognitive: This refers to how we learn to process what we hear or see, so as to give it meaning (identifying the ring of a cell-phone as ours, recognising the cartoon of a politician).
(ii) Normative: This refers to rules of conduct (not opening other people's letters, performing rituals at death).
(iii) Material: This includes any activity made possible by means of materials. Materials also include tools or machines. Examples include internet ‘chatting’, using rice-flour paste to design kolam on floors.

5. Explain Cognitive Aspects of Culture.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans:

• Cognition refers to understanding, how we make sense of all the information coming to us from our environment.
• In literate societies ideas are transcribed in books and documents and preserved in libraries for future reference but in non-literate societies legend or lore is committed to memory and transmitted orally.
• Walter Ong suggests that material that is not written down has certain specific characteristics. There is a lot of repetition of words, to make it simpler to remember.
• Sociological studies are often concerned with investigating how literacy can be made relevant to the lives of people whose families have never gone to school.
• The contemporary world allows us to rely far more on written, audio and visual records.Yet students of Indian classical music are still discouraged from writing down what they learn rather than carrying it in their memory.

6. Explain Normative Aspects of Culture.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans:

• The normative dimension consists of folkways, mores, customs, conventions and laws.
• These are values or rules that guide social behaviour in different contexts.
• We most often follow social norms because we are used to doing it, as a result of socialisation. All social norms are accompanied by sanctions that promote conformity.
• While norms are implicit rules, laws are explicit rules.
• Pierre Bourdieu, the French sociologist has reminded us that when we try to understand another culture’s norms, we must remember that there are certain implicit understandings.
• A law is a formal sanction defined by the government as a rule or principle that its citizens must follow.
• Laws are applicable to the whole society. And a violation of the law attracts penalties and punishment.

7. Differentiate between Norms and Laws.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans:

8. Explain Material Aspects of Culture.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans:

• The material aspect refers to tools, technologies, machines, buildings and modes of transportation, as well as instruments of production and communication.
• In urban areas the widespread use of mobile phones, music systems, cars and buses, ATMs, refrigerators and computers in everyday life indicates the dependence on technology.
• Even in rural areas the use of transistor radios or electric motor pumps for lifting water from below the surface for irrigation demonstrate the adoption of technological devices for increasing production.
• While the cognitive and normative aspects are non-material, the material dimension is crucial to increase production and enhance the quality of life.
• There are two principal dimensions of culture: material and non-material. For integrated functioning of a culture the material and non-material dimensions must work together.
• When the material or technological dimensions change rapidly, the non-material aspects can lag behind in terms of values and norms.
• This can give rise to a situation of culture lag when the non-material dimensions are unable to match the advances of technology.

9. A process of interaction which enables us to develop the necessary skills to participate in human society is called ________
a) social behaviour
b) social interaction
c) socialization
d) culture
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans:c) socialization

10. The process whereby the helpless infant gradually becomes a self-aware, knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of the culture into which he/she is born is known as________________.
a) Social group
b) Socialization
c) Culture
d) Institutions
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: b) Socialization

11. The tendency to evaluate other culture according to one's own culture values is known as________________.
a) Cosmopolitanism
b) Ethnocentrism
c) Accomodation
d) Accultration
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: b) Ethnocentrism

12. The most important agent of socialization in early childhood is __________.
a) The mass media
b) A peer group
c) The family
d) A preschool
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: c) The family

13. A process of interaction which enables us to develop the skills we need to participate in human society is known as: _______________.
a) Social behavior
b) Social interaction
c) Socialization
d) Culture
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: c) Socialization

14. Learning is important because ____________.
a) It prepare us for carrying out our role and responsibility in society.
b) Because without it we cannot live.
c) Learning is a process which teach us only sacrifice
d) None of the above.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: a) It prepare us for carrying out our role and responsibility in society.

15. Culture is a term used frequently and sometimes vaguely like______________________.
a) Society
b) Family
c) Politics
d) Media
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: a) Society

16.The French Revolution included the values of _____________.
a) Liberty
b) Equality
c) Fraternity
d) All the three mentioned above
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: d) All the three mentioned above

17. Normative dimension of culture refers to______________________.
a) Rules of conduct
b) How we learn to process
c) Any activity made possible by means of material
d) None of the above.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: a) Rules of conduct

18. The term ____________ is used to refer to the acquiring of refined taste in music, dance forms, painting etc.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: culture

19. The ______________ (type) dimension of culture guides our social behaviour in different contexts.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: normative

20. _______________ groups are marked by style, taste and association.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: Sub-cultures

21. Use of machines, tools, internet and art forms are all forms of __________________ aspect of culture.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: Material

22. This dimension of culture allows us to process information that we see and hear _________.
a) Normative
b) Material
c) Cognitive
d) Non-Material
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: c) Cognitive

23. Which rule derives its authority from the state?
a) Mores
b) Norms
c) Laws
d) Folkways
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: c) Laws

24. The tendency to evaluate other cultures according to one's own cultural values is known as:
a) Cosmopolitanism
b) Ethnoentrism
c) Accommodation
d) Acculturation
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: b) Ethnoentrism

25. Identify the primary agency of socialization:
a) Media
b) Family
c) School
d) Work place
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: b) Family

26. Culture comprises of inherited artifacts, goods. technical process. ideas, habits and values.Identify the sociologist who stated this-
a) Clifford Geertz
b) Malinowski
c) Edward Tylor
d) Walter Ong
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: b) Malinowski

27.What do you understand by the term cultural lag
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: Culture lag happens when the non-material dimensions are unable to match the advances of technology.

28. What is ethnocentrism?
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: Ethnocentrism is the application of one's own cultural values in evaluating the behaviour and beliefs of people from other cultures. This means that the cultural values projected as the standard or norm are considered superior to that of the beliefs and values of other cultures.

29. 'Enthocentrism is opposite of cosmopolitanism' .Discuss.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: Here are few points that explains it:

• Ethnocentrism involves judging other cultures based on the standards of one's own culture and considering them inferior. It's like saying, "Our way is the best way."
• Cosmopolitanism embraces cultural differences and appreciates them for their uniqueness. It doesn't try to evaluate other cultures by its own standards but rather celebrates and incorporates diverse cultural elements. It's more like saying, "Different cultures have value in their own right."
• While ethnocentrism creates a sense of superiority and might lead to cultural clashes or misunderstandings, cosmopolitanism fosters an open-mindedness that allows for cultural exchange and enrichment without losing the distinctiveness of each culture.

30. Explain the stages of socialisation.
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: Stages of socialisation are divided as primary and secondary socialisation.
Primary socialisation: The most critical process happens in the early years for e.g family is primary socialisation. Secondary socialisation: It extends over the entire life of a person.For e.g in school and other institutions are secondary socialisation.