1.Define Sociology.
OR
What is Sociology?
(Chapter 1: Sociology and Society)

Ans:

• Sociology is the study of all aspects of society
• Sociology is the study of human social life.
• Sociology is a systematic study of society, distinct from philosophical and religious reflections, as well as our everyday common sense observation about society.

2.Define Society.
(Chapter 1: Sociology and Society)

Ans:
Society is the name given to social relationship by which every human being is interconnected with individuals living in the community.

3. Mention few interrelationship of Sociology and Psychology.
(Chapter 1: Sociology and Society)

Ans:

• Social psychology acts as a bridge between psychology and sociology, maintaining an interest in the individual but examining how individuals behave in social groups and interact collectively.
• Sociology seeks to understand behavior as it is organized within society, emphasizing the influence of various societal aspects such as the economic and political system, family and kinship structures, culture, norms, and values.

4. What is the view of Darwin about society?
(Chapter 1: Sociology and Society)

Ans: Charles Darwin's ideas about organic evolution were dominant influence on early sociological thought. Society was oftten compared with living organisms and efforts were made to trace its growth through stages comparable to those of organic life.

5.Explain what you understand by Peer groups.
(Chapter 2: Terms, concepts and their use in sociology)

Ans: Peer group is a kind of primary group, usually formed between individuals who are either of similar age or who are in a common professional group.

6.Distinguish between social group and semi-group.
(Chapter 2: Terms, concepts and their use in sociology)

Ans: Social group: A group of two or more people who interact and interact with each other, having some similarities with each other and having a sense of unity.
Semi group : An exhaustive set may contain one or more data such that it is not correct.

7.What is stratification?
(Chapter 2: Terms, concepts and their use in sociology)

Ans:
Stratification can simply be defined as structural inequalities between different groupings of people.

8.Define institution.
(Chapter 3 : Understanding social institutions)

Ans: An institution is something that works according to rules established or at least acknowledged by law or by custom.Institutions impose constraints on individuals. They also provide him/her with opportunities.

9. What do you understand by the term social institutions?
(Chapter 3 : Understanding social institutions)

Ans: Social institutions is a complex set of social norms, beliefs, values and role relationship that arise in response to the needs of society.Social institutions exist to satisfy social needs.

10. What do you understand by the term cultural lag
(Chapter 4 - Culture and Socialisation)

Ans: Culture lag happens when the non-material dimensions are unable to match the advances of technology.

11. What is Participant Observation ?
(Chapter 5 - Doing Sociology : Research Methods)

Ans: Participant observation refers to a particular method by which the sociologist learns about the society, culture and people that he or she is studying.

12. Why Participant observation is also called as field work?
(Chapter 5 - Doing Sociology : Research Methods)

Ans: In these disciplines, scientists could not only work in the laboratory, they had to go out into ‘the field’ to learn about their subjects (like rocks, insects or plants).

13. What is "informants" or "principal informants"?
(Chapter 5 - Doing Sociology : Research Methods)

Ans:

• The anthropologist usually depends on one or two people for most of the information. Such people are called "informants" or "principal informants".
• Informants act as the anthropologist's teachers and are crucially important actors in the whole process of anthropological research.

14. Define Social Structure.
OR What do you understand by the term 'social structure'?
(Chapter 1: Understanding Society - Social Structure, Stratification and Social Processes in Society)

Ans: The term social structure points to the fact that society is structured — i.e., organised or arranged — in particular ways.

15. Define Social Stratification.
OR What is social stratification?
(Chapter 1: Understanding Society - Social Structure, Stratification and Social Processes in Society)

Ans: Social stratification refers to the existence of structured inequalities between groups in society, in terms of their access to material or symbolic rewards.

16. Define Accommodation.
(Chapter 1: Understanding Society - Social Structure, Stratification and Social Processes in Society)

Ans: A functionalist view often uses the term accommodation to explain situations where women would prefer not to claim property rights in their natal home. It would be seen as an effort to compromise and co-exist despite conflict.

17. What do you understand by 'division of labour'?
(Chapter 1: Understanding Society - Social Structure, Stratification and Social Processes in Society)

Ans: The role of division of labour — which implies cooperation — is precisely to fulfill certain needs of society. The division of labour is at the same time a law of nature and also a moral rule of human conduct.

18. What do you understand by the term social change?
(Chapter 2: Understanding Society - Social Change and Social Order in Rural and Urban Society)

Ans: Social change refers to changes in structure and culture of the society.

19.What is revolutionary change?
(Chapter 2: Understanding Society - Social Change and Social Order in Rural and Urban Society)

Ans: Revolutionary change refers to a rapid and profound transformation in various aspects of society, often resulting in a significant shift in power structures, ideologies, technologies, or societal norms.

20.Give any two examples of revolutionary change
(Chapter 2: Understanding Society - Social Change and Social Order in Rural and Urban Society)

Ans: The French revolution (1789-93) and the Soviet or Russian revolution of 1917.

21.What is cultural change?
(Chapter 2: Understanding Society - Social Change and Social Order in Rural and Urban Society)

Ans: Cultural change refers to shifts or transformations in the ideas, values, beliefs, and norms that are integral to a society's identity and shape its way of life. It encompasses alterations in societal attitudes, behaviors, and the ways people perceive and interact with the world around them.

22. What do you understand by 'universal adult franchise'?
(Chapter 2: Understanding Society - Social Change and Social Order in Rural and Urban Society)

Ans: 'Universal adult franchise' refers to the principle that every adult citizen within a society, regardless of gender, social status, ethnicity, or economic standing, possesses the right to vote in elections and participate in the democratic process.

23. What is social order?
(Chapter 2: Understanding Society - Social Change and Social Order in Rural and Urban Society)

Ans: Social order refers to the established patterns, structures, and systems within a society that maintain stability, continuity, and predictability.

24. What are laws?
(Chapter 2: Understanding Society - Social Change and Social Order in Rural and Urban Society)

Ans: A law is an explicitly codified norm or rule. It is usually written down, and there are laws that specify how laws are to be made or changed, or what is to be done if someone violates them.

25. Give the meaning of the term 'gentrification'.
(Chapter 2: Understanding Society - Social Change and Social Order in Rural and Urban Society)

Ans: The term 'gentrification', refers to the conversion of a previously lower class neighbourhood into a middle and upper class one.

26. What is counter-culture?
(Chapter 2: Understanding Society - Social Change and Social Order in Rural and Urban Society)

Ans: Counter-culture refers to a cultural movement or group that deliberately opposes or rejects the prevailing societal norms, values, and behaviors.

27. What do you understand by the term 'legitimation'?
(Chapter 2: Understanding Society - Social Change and Social Order in Rural and Urban Society)

Ans: The process of making legitimate, or the grounds on which something is considered legitimate, i.e., proper, just, right etc.

28. Mention/List the consequences of global warming.
(Chapter 3: Understanding Society - Environment and Society)

Ans: Here is the list of consequences of global warming.

• Global warming melts polar ice-fields, leading to higher sea levels and the potential submergence of low-lying coastal areas.
• It also disrupts the ecological balance and is expected to result in increased climate uncertainties worldwide.
• Global warming is also likely to result in greater fluctuations and uncertainty in climates across the world.

29. Give examples of natural and man-made disasters.
(Chapter 3: Understanding Society - Environment and Society)

Ans: Example of Man Made Disaster : The Bhopal disaster of 1984 killed about 4,000 people when a toxic gas leaked from the Union Carbide factory.
Natural Disaster : the tsunami of 2004

30. Why is ecology not limited only to the forces of nature?
(Chapter 3: Understanding Society - Environment and Society)

Ans: Ecology isn't solely shaped by natural forces; it evolves due to human actions. Numerous seemingly natural aspects tied to the environment are actually influenced by human activities. Take climate change caused by global warming, which may seem natural but results from human actions. Likewise, practices such as soil and water conservation, pesticide use, and employing man-made materials in agriculture also showcase how humans change nature. Cities prominently display an artificial environment with their built landscapes crafted from concrete, cement, brick, stone, glass, and tar.

31. Why and how does social organisation shape the relationship between the environment and society?
(Chapter 3: Understanding Society - Environment and Society)

Ans: The way society is structured influences how the environment and society interact since ownership relations dictate how natural resources are utilized. For instance, the government and private companies would manage forests differently due to their distinct purposes and objectives regarding these resources.
Ownership of natural resources also differs based on divisions in labor. For example, the connection between landless laborers and women with resources contrasts with that of men because women in rural areas often face more acute scarcity of resources. They must gather water and firewood without control over these resources, shaping their relationship with the environment differently.

32. Describe some environment related conflicts.
(Chapter 3: Understanding Society - Environment and Society)

Ans: Here are few environment related conflicts :

• The Chipko Movement, also called the Chipko Andolan, began in Uttarakhand's Garhwal region. It was led by women who hugged trees to protect them from being cut down. This movement later expanded across India.
• The Narmada Bachao Andolan fought for the rights of people affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam's construction on the Narmada River. Leaders like Medha Patkar and Baba Amte led this movement. Initially, the Supreme Court halted dam construction and later ordered its monitoring, considering environmental impacts.

33) Distinguish between common sense knowledge and sociological knowledge.

34) What is meant by Peer Pressure?

35) Explain the growth of sociology in Europe.

36) State any two characteristics of social groups.

37) Distinguish between In-groups and Out-groups.

38) Why is village exogamy practiced in some parts of north India?

39) Write a note on "work" as a social institution.

40) Mention any two dimensions of culture.

41) Why do Anthropologists construct a genealogy of the community before they be in the field work?

42) Explain the participant method of study in sociology.

43) Why did women in the past hesitate to claim a share in their natal properties?

44) Explain with an example what is structural change.

45) Give an example each of man-made and natural environmental disaster.

46) Why is the "Enlightenment Period" important for the development of sociology?

47) What is known by social facts?

48) What role did M.N. Srinivas play in promoting village study?