1.State four points to show the relationship between mind and behaviour.
Chapter 1 : What is Psychology

Ans:
Following are the points which shows the relationship between mind and behaviour:

• Using positive visualisation techniques and feeling positive emotions, one can bring about significant changes in bodily processes.
• Use of mental imagery, i.e. images generated by a person in her/his mind, have been used to cure various kinds of phobias.
• A new discipline called Psychoneuroimmunology has emerged which emphasises the role played by the mind in strengthening the immune system.
• One example which shows mind behaviour relationship is a person with blocked arteries was made to visualise that blood was flowing through her/ his blocked arteries. After practicing this over a period of time, significant relief was obtained by these patients as the degree of blockage became significantly less.

2.State two points of difference between Speed tests and Power tests.
Chapter 2 : Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

Ans:

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3.Explain the relationship of Psychology with Music and Fine arts.
Chapter 1 : What is Psychology

Ans:
Following are the points that explains relationship between Music and Fine arts:

• Scientists have made use of music in raising work performance.
• Music and emotions is another area in which a number of studies have been carried out.
• Musicians in India have recently started experimenting with what they call "Music Therapy".
• In this they use different "Ragas" for curing certain physical ailments.

4.State two points of difference between Structured and Unstructured interview.
Chapter 2 : Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

Ans:

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5.Explain the functions of Autonomic Nervous System.
Chapter 3 : The Bases of Human Behaviour

Ans:
Following are the functions of Autonomic Nervous System:

• This system governs activities which are normally not under direct control of individuals.
• It controls such internal functions as breathing, blood circulation, salivation, stomach contraction, and emotional reactions.
• These activities of the autonomic system are under the control of different structures of the brain.

6.Explain the term Illusion.
Chapter 5 : Sensory, Attentional and Perceptional Processes

Ans: Our perceptions are not always truthful. Sometime we fail to interpret the sensory information correctly. This results in a mismatch between the physical stimuli and its perception. These misperceptions resulting from misinterpretation of information received by our sensory organs are generally known as illusions.
Illusions are are experienced more or less by all of us.
They result from an external stimulus situation and generate the same kind of experience in each individual.Illusions are also called "primitive organisations".

7.With the help of an example explain Size Constancy.
Chapter 5 : Sensory, Attentional and Perceptional Processes

Ans:

• The size of an image on our retina changes when the distance of the object from our eye changes.
• The far it is, the smaller is the image.
• On the other hand, our experience shows that within limits the object appears to be about the same size irrespective of its distance.
• This tendency of the size of objects to remain relatively unchanged with changes in their distance from the observer and the size of the retinal image is called size constancy.

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8.State any four key points in anger management.
Chapter 9 : Motivation and Emotion

Ans: Following are the key points in anger management:

• Recognise the power of your thoughts.
• Realise you alone can control it.
• Do not engage in ‘self-talk that burns’. Do not magnify negative feelings.
• Resist having irrational beliefs about people and events.

9.Explain Voluntary Participation as one of the ethical issues.
Chapter 2 : Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

Ans:

• This principle states that the persons on whom you want to conduct the study should have the choice to decide whether to participate or not to participate in the study.
• The participants should have the freedom to decide about their participation without any pressure or excessive inducement, and the freedom to withdraw from the research without penalty, once it has begun.

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10.Explain Career and Work as challenges of adulthood.
Chapter 4 : Human Development

Ans:

• Earning a living, choosing an occupation, and developing a career are important themes for people in their twenties and thirties.
• Entering work life is a challenging event in anyone’s life.
• There are apprehensions regarding different adjustments, proving one’s competence, performance, dealing with competition, and coping with expectations both of the employers and oneself.
• It is also the beginning of new roles and responsibilities. Developing and evaluating a career becomes an important task of adulthood.

11.Learning disabled children have disorders of attention. Explain.
Chapter 6 : Learning

Ans:

• They get easily distracted and cannot sustain attention on one point for long.
• Attentional deficiency leads to hyperactivity, i.e. they are always moving, doing different things, trying to manipulate things incessantly.

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12.Give two points of difference between Episodic and Semantic memory.
Chapter 7 : Human Memory

Ans:

13.Bring out two points of difference between Inductive reasoning and Deductive reasoning.
Chapter 8 : Thinking

Ans:

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14.Give two functions of the Spinal Cord.
Chapter 3 : The Bases of Human Behaviour

Ans:
The spinal cord is a long rope-like collection of nerve fibers, which run along the full length inside the spine.
The two important functions of spinal cord are:

• It carries sensory impulses coming from the lower parts of the body to the brain; and motor impulses originating from the brain to all over the body.
• It performs some simple reflexes that do not involve the brain. Simple reflexes involve a sensory nerve, a motor nerve, and the association neurons of the grey matter of the spinal cord.

15.Elucidate the role of Thyroid gland in human behaviour and development.
Chapter 3 : The Bases of Human Behaviour

Ans:
Here is the list that shows the role of Thyroid gland:

• This gland is located in the neck. It produces thyroxin that influences the body’s metabolic rate.
• Optimum amount of thyroxin is secreted and regulated by an anterior pituitary hormone, the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. (TSH).
• The steady secretion of this hormone maintains the production of energy, consumption of oxygen and elimination of wastes in body cells.
• Underproduction of thyroxin leads to physical and psychological lethargy.
• If thyroid gland is removed in young animals, their growth is stunted and they fail to develop sexually.

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16. State two points of difference between Primary reinforcer and Secondary reinforcer.
Chapter 6 : Learning

Ans:

17. State the features of Sensory memory.
Chapter 7 : Human Memory

Ans:
The incoming information first enters the sensory memory.Following are important features of Sensory Memory.

• Sensory memory has a large capacity. However, it is of very short duration, i.e. less than a second.
• It is a memory system that registers information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy.
• Often this system is referred to as sensory memories or sensory registers because information from all the senses are registered here as an exact replica of the stimulus.
• An example that you can relate to is if you have experienced visual after-images (the trail of light that stays after the bulb is switched off) or when you hear reverberations of a sound when the sound has ceased, then you are familiar with iconic (visual) or echoic (auditory) sensory registers.

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18. Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Chapter 9 : Motivation and Emotion

Ans:
Maslow has portrait human needs in the form of an hierarychy.Following are the details of his hierarchy:

• Physiological needs:Maslow's model is like a pyramid in which the bottom of this hierarchy represents basic physiological or biological needs which are basic to survival such as hunger, thirst, etc.
• Safety needs:Only when these needs are met, the need to be free from threatened danger arises. This refers to the safety needs of physical and psychological nature.
• Belongingness needs:Next comes the need to seek out other people, for love and to be loved.
• Esteem needs:Next, the individual strives for esteem, i.e. the need to develop a sense of self-worth.
• Selfactualisation needs:The next higher need in the hierarchy reflects an individual’s motive towards the fullest development of potential, i.e. self-actualisation. A self-actualised person is self-aware, socially responsive, creative, spontaneous, open to novelty, and challenge.

19. What do you understand by demographic information?
Chapter 2 : Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

Ans:
This information generally includes personal information like name, age, gender, birth order, number of siblings, education, occupation, marital status, number of children, locality of residence, caste, religion, parental education, occupation, and family income, etc.

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20. Explain concrete operational stage.
Chapter 4 : Human Development

Ans:

• The stage of concrete operational thought, which is made up of operations — mental actions that allows the child to do mentally what was done physically before.
• Concrete operations are also mental actions that are reversible.
• Concrete operations allow the child to focus on different characteristics and not focus on one aspect of the object. This helps the child to appreciate that there are different ways of looking at things, which also results in the decline of her/his egocentrism.