Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders Questions and Answers

List of Questions and Answers

Q 1."I can control the weather according to my moods." This is a statement made by a person suffering from delusion of ________________.
(a)Persecution
(b)Reference
(c)Grandeur
(d)Control

Ans: (c)Grandeur

Q 2.When the person has to use more and more of a substance to get the same effect, is called _________ .
(a) Substance dependence
(b) Substance abuse
(c) Tolerance
(d) Withdrawal

Ans: (a) Substance dependence

Q 3.When people believe that their feelings, thoughts and actions are controlled by others is called Delusion of ________________ .
(a)Persecution
(b)Reference
(c)Grandeur
(d)Control

Ans: (d) Control

Q 4.Perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli are called ________________ .
(a) Delusions
(b) Hallucinations
(c) Inappropriate Affect
(d) Formal thought disorders

Ans: (b) Hallucinations

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Q 5.How does humanistic-existential model explain psychological disorders ?

Ans:

  • Stress affects our behaviour in the form of eating less nutritional food, increasing intake of caffeine, smoking, alcohol and other drugs such as tranquillisers etc.
  • Tranquillisers can be addictive and have side effects such as loss of concentration, poor coordination, and dizziness.
  • Some of the typical behavioural effects of stress seen are disrupted sleep patterns, increased absenteeism, and reduced work performance.

Q 6.Explain separation anxiety disorder (SAD).

Ans:

  • Separation anxiety disorder is an internalising disorder unique to children.
  • The most prominent symptom is excessive anxiety or even panic experienced by children at being separated from their parents.
  • Children with SAD may have difficulty being in a room by themselves, going to school alone, are fearful of entering new situations, and cling to and shadow their parents’ every move.
  • To avoid separation, children with SAD may fuss, scream, throw severe tantrums, or make suicidal gestures.

Q 7.Explain the term phobias.

Ans:
You might have met or heard of someone who was afraid to travel in a lift or climb to the tenth floor of a building, or refused to enter a room if s/he saw a lizard. You may have also felt it yourself or seen a friend unable to speak a word of a well-memorised and rehearsed speech before an audience. These kinds of fears are termed as phobias.

Q 8.What is substance dependence?

Ans:
In substance dependence, there is an intense craving for the substance to which the person is addicted, and the person shows tolerance, withdrawal symptoms and compulsive drug-taking.
Tolerance means that the person has to use more and more of a substance to get the same effect.
Withdrawal refers to physical symptoms that occur when a person stops or cuts down on the use of the substance.

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Q 9.Illustrate the TWO categories of substance-use disorder.

Ans:
Substance dependence

  • In substance dependence, there is an intense craving for the substance to which the person is addicted, and the person shows tolerance, withdrawal symptoms and compulsive drug-taking
  • Tolerance means that the person has to use more and more of a substance to get the same effect.
  • Withdrawal refers to physical symptoms that occur when a person stops or cuts down on the use of the substance.

Substance Abuse
  • In substance abuse, there are recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the use of substances.
  • People who regularly ingest drugs damage their family and social relationships, perform poorly at work, and create physical hazards.

Q 10. Differentiate between dissociative amnesia and depersonalization.

Ans:

Dissociative Amnesia Depersonalization
Dissociative amnesia is characterised by extensive but selective memory loss that has no known organic cause (e.g., head injury). Depersonalisation involves a dreamlike state in which the person has a sense of being separated both from self and from reality.
Some people cannot remember anything about their past. Others can no longer recall specific events, people, places, or objects, while their memory for other events remains intact. Some people cannot remember anything about their past. Others can no longer recall specific events, people, places, or objects, while their memory for other events remains intact.

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Q 11. State two symptoms of Suicide which can be prevented if one is alert to.

Ans:
Suicide can be prevented by being alert to some of the symptoms which include :

  • changes in eating and sleeping habits
  • withdrawal from friends, family and regular activities
  • violent actions, rebellious behaviour, running away
  • drug and alcohol abuse
  • marked personality change
  • persistent boredom
  • difficulty in concentration
  • complaints about physical symptoms, and
  • loss of interest in pleasurable activities

Q 12.Describe Dissociative Disorders.

Ans:
Dissociation can be viewed as a severe connections between ideas and emotions.
Dissociation involves feelings of unreality, estrangement, depersonalisation, and sometimes a loss or shift of identity.
Four conditions are included in this group:

  • Dissociative amnesia: is characterised by extensive but selective memory loss that has no known organic cause (e.g., head injury).
  • Dissociative fugue: has, as its essential feature, an unexpected travel away from home and workplace, the assumption of a new identity, and the inability to recall the previous identity.
  • Dissociative identity disorder:often referred to as multiple personality, is the most dramatic of the dissociative disorders. It is often associated with traumatic experiences in childhood.
  • Depersonalisation:involves a dreamlike state in which the person has a sense of being separated both from self and from reality.

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Q 13.Explain the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia.

Ans:

  • Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia are "pathological deficits" and include poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal.
  • People with schizophrenia show alogia or poverty of speech, i.e. a reduction in speech and speech content.
  • People with schizophrenia show less anger, sadness, joy, and other feelings than most people do. Thus they have blunted affect.
  • Some show no emotions at all, a condition known as flat affect.
  • Also patients with schizophrenia experience avolition, or apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action.
  • People with this disorder may withdraw socially and become totally focused on their own ideas and fantasies.

Q 14.Explain Hyperactivity as a symptom of ADHD.

Ans:
Children showing hyperactivity are unable to control their reaction or think before they act.

  • they are impulsive and find it impossible to sit still through a class.
  • minor mishaps like knocking things over or major mishaps like serious injury due to accident may occur.
  • they may fidget, squirm, climb, or run around aimlessly and talk incessantly.
  • they are described as "driven by motor" and "always on the go" by their parents and teachers.
  • boys are four times more likely to be given this diagnosis than girls

Q 15.Discuss the four types of Delusions.

Ans:
A delusion is a false belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds.It is not affected by rational argument, and has no basis in reality.
The four types of Delusions:
Delusions of persecution are the most common in schizophrenia. People with this delusion believe that they are being plotted against, spied on, slandered, threatened, attacked or deliberately victimised.
Delusions of reference in which they attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to objects and events.
Delusions of grandeur, people believe themselves to be specially empowered persons.
Delusions of control, they believe that their feelings, thoughts and actions are controlled by others.

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Q 16.State the symptoms of Panic Disorders.

Ans:
Panic Disorder : frequent anxiety attacks characterised by feelings of intense terror and dread; unpredictable ‘panic attacks’ along with physiological symptoms like breathlessness, palpitations, trembling, dizziness, and a sense of losing control or even dying.

Q 17.Analyse heroin abuse and dependence.

Ans:

  • Heroin intake significantly interferes with social and occupational functioning.
  • Most abusers further develop a dependence on heroin, revolving their lives around the substance, building up a tolerance for it, and experiencing a withdrawal reaction when they stop taking it.
  • The most direct and stopping it results in feelings of depression, fatigue, sleep problems, irritability and anxiety.
  • Cocaine poses serious dangers. It has dangerous effects on psychological functioning and physical well-being.

Q 18.Explain obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Ans:
People affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder are unable to control their preoccupation with specific ideas or are unable to prevent themselves from repeatedly carrying out a particular act or series of acts that affect their ability to carry out normal activities.
The symptoms noticed in obsessive-compulsive disorder are :
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: being preoccupied with certain thoughts that are viewed by the person to be embarrassing or shameful, and being unable to check the impulse to repeatedly carry out certain acts like checking, washing, counting, etc.

Q 19.State the symptoms of Hypochondriasis and Conversion disorder.

Ans:
Hypochondriasis

  • Patients with hypochondriasis disorder has a persistent belief that s/he has a serious illness, despite medical reassurance, lack of physical findings, and failure to develop the disease.
  • Hypochondriacs have an obsessive preoccupation and concern with the condition of their bodily organs, and they continually worry about their health.
Conversion disorder
  • The symptoms of conversion disorders are the reported loss of part or all of some basic body functions.
  • Paralysis, blindness, deafness and difficulty in walking are generally among the symptoms reported.

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Q 20.Explain the factors which predispose an individual to depression.

Ans:

  • Genetic make-up, or heredity is an important risk factor for major depression and bipolar disorders.
  • Age is also a risk factor. For instance, women are particularly at risk during young adulthood, while for men the risk is highest in early middle age.
  • Similarly gender also plays a great role in this differential risk addition. For example, women in comparison to men are more likely to report a depressive disorder.
  • Other risk factors are experiencing negative life events and lack of social support.

Q 21.Explain the two main features of ADHD.

Ans:
Inattention
Children who are inattentive find it difficult to sustain mental effort during work or play.

  • They have a hard time keeping their minds on any one thing or in following instructions.
  • Common complaints are that the child does not listen,cannot concentrate, does not follow instructions, is disorganised, easily distracted, forgetful, does not finish assignments, and is quick to lose interest in boring activities.
Hyperactivity
Children showing hyperactivity are unable to control their reaction or think before they act.
  • they are impulsive and find it impossible to sit still through a class.
  • minor mishaps like knocking things over or major mishaps like serious injury due to accident may occur.
  • they may fidget, squirm, climb, or run around aimlessly and talk incessantly.
  • they are described as "driven by motor" and "always on the go" by their parents and teachers.
  • boys are four times more likely to be given this diagnosis than girls

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