1.Describe the method of participant observation.

Ans:
When the observer is actively involved in the process of observing by becoming an active member of the setting where the observation takes place is called participant observation.
For example, an observer may take a part-time job in a shopping mall showroom to become an insider in order to observe behaviour of customers. This technique is widely used by anthropologists whose objective is to gain a firsthand perspective of a system from within which otherwise may not be readily available to an outsider.

2.State two skills of an effective psychologist.

Ans:
The skills required to become an effective psychologist are :
General Skills: It is one of the important skills and required by all type of psychologist irrespective of their specialisation. Examples of General skills are :

• Interpersonal Skills: ability to listen and be empathic .It is expressed verbally or non-verbally.
• Cognitive Skills: ability to solve problems, engage in critical thinking and organised reasoning, and having intellectual curiosity and flexibility.
• Affective Skills: emotional control and balance, tolerance/understanding of interpersonal conflict, tolerance of ambiguity and uncertainty.

Observational Skills: requires to pay attention, watch and listen carefully. They use senses to see, hear, smell ,taste and touch.A psychologist, thus, is like an instrument that absorbs all sources of information from the environment.

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3.What do you understand by the term skill?

Ans:
The term ‘skill’ may be defined as proficiency, facility or dexterity that is acquired or developed through training and experience.
The Webster dictionary defines it as “possession of the qualities required to do something or get something done”.

4.What is public communication?

Ans:
Public communication is characterised by a speaker sending a message to an audience.It may be direct, such as face-to-face messages delivered by the speaker to an audience, or indirect, such as message relayed over radio or television.

5.What is paraphrasing?

Ans:
When someone is listening to you and told to restate what you said, at that time the person is not able to repeat your exact words.S/he makes a summary of the ideas just received and provides you with a restatement of what s/he understands.This is called "paraphrasing". It allows you to understand how much s/he understood of what was communicated.

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Q 6. Differentiate between interpersonal and intrapersonal communication.

Ans:

Interpersonal Communication	Intrapersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication refers to the communication that takes place between two or more persons who establish a communicative relationship.	Intrapersonal communication involves communicating with yourself.
Forms of interpersonal communication include face-to-face or mediated conversations,interviews and small group discussions.	Forms of Intrapersonal communication include activities as thought processes, personal decision making, and focusing on self.

Q 7. Explain the role of culture in listening.

Ans:

• Like the brain, the culture in which we have been brought up also influences our listening and learning abilities.
• Asian cultures, such as India, emphasise on listening by being a silent communicator when receiving messages from seniors or elders.
• Some cultures focus on controlling attention.For example Buddhism, has a notion called 'mindfulness'. This means devoting your complete attention to whatever you are doing.
• Training in "mindfulness" which starts in childhood can help to develop longer attention spans and therefore, lead not only to better listening but also to sympathetic listening.

Q 8. What are the generic skills needed by all psychologists? OR What are the intellectual and personal skills required by the therapist to deal with the client.

Ans:
Generic skills are important skills that are mandatory for all psychologists irrespective of their field of specialisation.
These skills include personal as well as intellectual skills.

• Interpersonal Skills: ability to listen and be empathic, to develop respect for/interest in other's cultures, experiences etc. These skills are expressed verbally and/or non-verbally.
• Cognitive Skills: ability to solve problems, engage in critical thinking and organised reasoning, and having intellectual curiosity and flexibility.
• Affective Skills: emotional control and balance, tolerance/understanding of interpersonal conflict, tolerance of ambiguity and uncertainty.
• Personality/Attitude: desire to help others, openness to new ideas, honesty/integrity/ value ethical behaviour, personal courage
• Expressive Skills: ability to communicate one’s ideas, feelings and information in verbal, non-verbal, and written forms.
• Reflective Skills: ability to examine and consider one’s own motives, attitudes, behaviours and ability to be sensitive to one’s own behaviour or others.
• Personal Skills: personal organisation, personal hygiene, time management, and appropriate dress.

Q 9.Explain three skills of communication.

Ans:
Communication skills is one of the most important skills you will need to succeed in life.
We are going to discuss the following three skills of communication.
1.Speaking
One important component of communication is speaking with the use of language.

• To be effective, a communicator must know how to use language appropriately.
• The communicator has to be clear and precise when using the words.
• The listener has to understand what the communicator is trying to convey, so it is necessary for the communicator to adjust the vocabulary level and choice of words to fit the level of the listener.

2.Active Listening
Listening is an important skill that we use daily.

• Your academic success, employment achievement, and personal happiness, to a large extent, depend upon your ability to listen effectively.
• Listening requires a person to be attentive, patient, non-judgmental and yet have the capacity to analyse and respond.

3.Body Language or non verbal skills
Body language is composed of all those messages that people exchange besides words.

• In case of body language a single non-verbal signal does not carry complete meaning.But factors like gestures, postures, eye contact, clothing style, and body movement all together are required.
• An example is :crossing arms over the chest may suggest that a person likes to keep aloof. But, crossed arms accompanied by an erect posture, tightened body muscles, a set clenched jaw, and narrowing of the eyes are likely to communicate anger.

Q 10.Non-verbal acts in any talk are referred to as __________.

Ans:body language

Q 11.Describe the three stages of the interview.

Ans:
The three stages of interview are:
Opening of the Interview:The opening of the interview involves establishing rapport between two communicators.The purpose is to make the interviewee comfortable.
Generally, the interviewer starts the conversation and does most of the talking at the outset. This serves two functions, i.e. it establishes the goal of the interview, and gives the interviewee time to become comfortable with the situation and the interviewer.
Body of the Interview:The body of the interview is the heart of the process. In this stage, the interviewer asks questions in an attempt to generate information and data that are required for the purpose.
Closing the Interview:While closing the interview, the interviewer should summarise what s/he has been able to gather. One should end with a discussion of the next step to be taken. When the interview is ending, the interviewer should give a chance to the interviewee to ask questions or offer comments.

Q 12.Differentiate between Naturalistic and Participant observation giving their advantages and disadvantages.

Ans:

Naturalistic Observation	Participant Observation
Naturalistic Observation is one of the primary ways of learning about the way people behave in a given setting.	In a situation where a company is giving a heavy discount in a shopping mall .For this, you could visit the shopping mall where the discounted items are showcased and systematically observe what people do and say before and after the purchases have been made.
In Participant Observation the observer is actively involved in the process of observing by becoming an active member of the setting where the observation takes place.	For the same situation in case of participant observation an observer may take a part-time job in a shopping mall showroom to become an insider in order to observe variations in the behaviour of customers.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Observation:

• Its major advantage is that it allows behaviour to be seen and studied in its natural setting. People from outside, or those already working in a setting, can be trained to use it.
• One disadvantage of it is that events being observed are subject to bias due to the feelings of the people involved as well as of the observers.
• Generally day-to-day activities in a given setting are fairly routine, which can go unnoticed by the observer.
• Another potential pitfall is that the actual behaviour and responses of others may get influenced by the presence of the observer, thus, defeating the very purpose of observation.

Q 13.What is Counselling ?. Explain its nature.

Ans:
Counselling involves helping relationships, that includes someone seeking help, and someone willing to give help, who is capable of or trained to help in a setting that permits help to be given and received.
The nature of counselling is as follows:

• Counselling involves responding to the feelings, thoughts, and actions of the clients.
• Counselling involves a basic acceptance of the client’s perceptions and feelings, without using any evaluative standards.
• Confidentiality and privacy constitute essential ingredients in the counselling setting. Physical facilities that preserve this quality are important.
• Counselling is voluntary. It takes place when a client approaches a counsellor. A counsellor never uses any kind of coercion for obtaining information.
• Counsellors and clients both transmit and receive verbal and non-verbal messages during the process. Therefore, awareness and sensitivity to the nature of the message is an important prerequisite for a counsellor’s effectiveness.

Q 14.What are the ethical issues according to A.P.A (American Psychological Association) that a psychologist must know while practicing counselling?

Ans:
The American Psychological Association (APA) has developed a code of ethical conduct for behaviour and decision-making in actual clinical settings.The practical knowledge of these ethical domains can guide the practice of counselling in achieving its desired purpose. Some of the APA practice guidelines are:

• Knowledge of ethical/professional codes, standards, and guidelines; knowledge of statutes, rules, regulations, and case law relevant to the practice of psychology.
• Recognise and analyse ethical and legal issues across the range of professional activities in the clinical setting.
• Recognise and understand the ethical dimensions/features of her/his own attitudes and practice in the clinical setting.
• Seek appropriate information and consultation when faced with ethical issues.
• Practice appropriate professional assertiveness related to ethical issues.

Q 15.Explain the characteristics of an effective helper.

Ans:
The counsellor has the responsibility for ensuring that her/his client is benefited from counselling and its therapeutic effects are achieved. The success of a counselling process depends on the skill, knowledge, attitude, personal qualities and behaviour of a counsellor, any or all of which can enhance or diminish the helping process. There are four qualities associated with effective counsellors. These include: (i) Authenticity, (ii) Positive regard for others, (iii) Ability to empathise, and (iv) Paraphrasing.
Authenticity
Authenticity means that your behavioural expressions are consistent with what you value and the way you feel and relate to your inner self-image. Your image or perception of yourself makes up your “I”. The self perceived “I” is revealed through ideas, words, actions, clothing, and your life-style. All of these communicate your “I” to others. Those who come into close contact with you also build their own image of you for themselves, and they also sometimes communicate this image to you. For example, friends tell you what they like and dislike about you. Your teachers and parents praise and/ or criticise you.

Positive Regard for Others
In a counselling-counsellor relationship, a good relationship allows freedom of expression. It reflects acceptance of the idea that the feelings of both are important. We should remember that when we form a new relationship, we experience feelings of uncertainty and anxiety. Such feelings get minimised when a counsellor extends a positive regard to the client by accepting that it is all right to feel the way the client is feeling.

Empathy
Empathy is the ability of a counsellor to understand the feelings of another person from her/his perspective. It is like stepping into someone else’s shoes and trying to understand the pain and troubled feelings of the other person.

Paraphrasing
It involves the ability of a counsellor to reflect on what the client says and feels using different words.

Q 16.Examine the role of listening in communication. How does culture influence the development of the listening process?

Ans:
Listening is an important skill that we use daily. Your academic success, employment achievement, and personal happiness, to a large extent, depend upon your ability to listen effectively.
Listening requires a person to be attentive. S/he should be patient, non-judgmental and yet have the capacity to analyse and respond.

Role of culture in listening

• Asian cultures, such as India, emphasise on listening by being a silent communicator when receiving messages from seniors or elders.
• Some cultures focus on controlling attention.
• Buddhism, for instance, has a notion called ‘mindfulness’. This means devoting your complete attention to whatever you are doing.
• Training in ‘mindfulness’ which starts in childhood can help to develop longer attention spans and therefore, lead not only to better listening but also to sympathetic listening.

Q 17.How does understanding of body language help in effective communication?

Ans:

• Body language is composed of all those messages that people exchange besides words.
• While reading body language, we must remember that a single non-verbal signal does not carry complete meaning.
• Factors such as gestures, postures, eye contact, clothing style, and body movement — all of them have to be considered together, that is, in a cluster.
• Non-verbal signs can have many different meanings. For example, crossing arms over the chest may suggest that a person likes to keep aloof. But, crossed arms accompanied by an erect posture, tightened body muscles, a set clenched jaw, and narrowing of the eyes are likely to communicate anger.
• A person's background and past patterns of behaviour are also considered when we analyse body language.
• The consistency between current and past patterns of behaviour, as well as harmony between verbal and non-verbal communication, is termed as congruency.
• Body language is used to encourage or discourage conversation for example wave at waiters or friends to catch their attention.