1.When we go to a matinee show, on entering the theatre we find it difficult to see things around. However, after spending about 15-20 minutes there, we are able to see almost everything. What is this phenomenon called?
(Chapter 5 - Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans:visual adaptation.

2.Artist mostly use ___________________to create an impression of depth on a flat surface.
(Chapter 5 - Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans: Monocular cues

3._________________________help flattens the lens to focus the distant objects.
(Chapter 5 - Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans: ciliary muscles

4.Explain the term Illusion.
(Chapter 5 - Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans: Our perceptions are not always truthful. Sometime we fail to interpret the sensory information correctly. This results in a mismatch between the physical stimuli and its perception. These misperceptions resulting from misinterpretation of information received by our sensory organs are generally known as illusions.
Illusions are are experienced more or less by all of us.
They result from an external stimulus situation and generate the same kind of experience in each individual.Illusions are also called "primitive organisations".

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5.With the help of an example explain Size Constancy.
(Chapter 5 - Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans:

• The size of an image on our retina changes when the distance of the object from our eye changes.
• The far it is, the smaller is the image.
• On the other hand, our experience shows that within limits the object appears to be about the same size irrespective of its distance.
• This tendency of the size of objects to remain relatively unchanged with changes in their distance from the observer and the size of the retinal image is called size constancy.

6. State three points of difference between Rods and Cones.
(Chapter 5: Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans:

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7.The process of organising visual field into meaningful wholes is known as _____________.
(Chapter 5: Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans: form perception.

8.What is meant by the term perception ?
(Chapter 5: Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans: The process by which we recognise, interpret or give meaning to the information provided by sense organs is called perception.

9.Who developed the filter theory of attention?
(Chapter 5: Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans: Filter theory was developed by Broadbent (1956).

10.What are binocular cues ?
(Chapter 5: Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans: Binocular cues are information regarding depth perception that requires both eyes.

10.What is Selective Attention ?
(Chapter 5: Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans: Selective attention is concerned mainly with the selection of a limited number of stimuli or objects from a large number of stimuli.

11.What is the meaning of the term "Attention" ?
(Chapter 5: Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans: The process through which certain stimuli are selected from a group of others is generally referred to as attention.

12.Name the theories of Selective Attention.
(Chapter 5: Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans: Following are the theories of selective attention :
Filter theory
Filter-attenuation theory
Multimode theory

13.Explain in brief the theories of selective attention.
(Chapter 5: Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes)

Ans: Filter theory

• Developed by Broadbent in the year : 1956.
• As per filter theory many stimuli simultaneously enter our receptors creating a kind of "bottleneck" situation.
• Moving through the short-term memory system, they enter the selective filter, which allows only one stimulus to pass through for higher levels of processing.
• Other stimuli are screened out at that moment of time. Thus, we become aware of only that stimulus, which gets access through the selective filter.

• Developed by Triesman (1962) by modifying Broadbent's theory.
• This theory proposes that the stimuli not getting access to the selective filter at a given moment of time are not completely blocked.
• The filter only attenuates (weakens) their strength.
• Thus some stimuli manage to escape through the selective filter to reach higher levels of processing.
• It is indicated that personally relevant stimuli (e.g., one’s name in a collective dinner) can be noticed even at a very low level of sound.
• Such stimuli, even though fairly weak, may also generate response occasionally by slipping through the selective filter.

• Developed by Johnston and Heinz (1978).
• This theory believes that attention is a flexible system that allows selection of a stimulus over others at three stages.
• At stage one the sensory representations (e.g., visual images) of stimuli are constructed; at stage two the semantic representations (e.g., names of objects) are constructed; and at stage three the sensory and semantic representations enter the consciousness.
• It is also suggested that more processing requires more mental effort. When the messages are selected on the basis of stage one processing (early selection), less mental effort is required than when the selection is based on stage three processing (late selection).

14. What is Span of Attention?

Ans:
Our attention has a limited capacity to receive stimuli. The number of objects one can attend to at a brief exposure i.e. a fraction of a second is called span of attention.

15. _________ and _________ are the receptors for vision.

Ans: Cones and Rods

18. The regeneration of _____________ in rods is a time consuming process.
(Chapter 2: Methods of Enquiry in Psychology)
a) Rhodopsin
b) Vitamin A
c) Pigment
d) Cone

Ans: a) Rhodopsin