1.In the experiment on forgetting when the subject is asked to recall words from list 1, s/he can recall words from the list 2. Identify the kind of interference.
(Chapter 7: Human Memory)

Ans: proactive (forward moving)

2.Give two points of difference between Episodic and Semantic memory.
(Chapter 7 - Human Memory)

Ans:

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3. State the features of Sensory memory.
(Chapter 7 - Human Memory)

Ans:
The incoming information first enters the sensory memory.Following are important features of Sensory Memory.

• Sensory memory has a large capacity. However, it is of very short duration, i.e. less than a second.
• It is a memory system that registers information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy.
• Often this system is referred to as sensory memories or sensory registers because information from all the senses are registered here as an exact replica of the stimulus.
• An example that you can relate to is if you have experienced visual after-images (the trail of light that stays after the bulb is switched off) or when you hear reverberations of a sound when the sound has ceased, then you are familiar with iconic (visual) or echoic (auditory) sensory registers.

4.What are flashbulb memories ?
(Chapter 7 - Human Memory)

Ans: These are memories of events that are very arousing or surprising. Such memories are very detailed. They are like a photo taken with an advanced model camera. You can push the button, and after one minute you have a recreation of the scene. You can look at the photograph whenever you want. Flashbulb memories are like images frozen in memory and tied to particular places, dates, and times. Perhaps, people put in greater effort in the formation of these memories, and highlighting details might lead to deeper levels of processing as well as offer more cues for retrieval.

5.Define the term "Memory".
(Chapter 7 - Human Memory)

Ans: Memory refers to retaining and recalling information over a period of time, depending upon the nature of cognitive task you are required to perform.

6.Explain the term "Encoding" used in Memory.
(Chapter 7 - Human Memory)

Ans: Encoding is the first stage which refers to a process by which information is recorded and registered for the first time so that it becomes usable by our memory system. In encoding, incoming information is received and some meaning is derived. It is then represented in a way so that it can be processed further.

7.What do you mean by the term "chunking"?
(Chapter 7 - Human Memory)

Ans: In chunking, several smaller units are combined to form large chunks. For creating chunks, it is important to discover some organisation principles, which can link smaller units. Therefore, apart from being a control mechanism to increase the capacity of short-term memory, chunking can be used to improve memory as well.

8.What is Elaborative Rehearsal ?
(Chapter 7 - Human Memory)

Ans: In elaborative rehearsals one attempts to analyse the information in terms of various associations it arouses. It involves organisation of the incoming information in as many ways as possible.You can expand the information in some kind of logical framework, link it to similar memories or else can create a mental image.

9.Explain the term Retrieval.
(Chapter 7 - Human Memory)

Ans: Retrieval is the third stage of memory. Information can be used only when one is able to recover it from her/his memory. Retrieval refers to bringing the stored information to her/his awareness so that it can be used for performing various cognitive tasks such as problem solving or decision-making.

10.Name the psychologist who used nonsense syllables to study memory.
(Chapter 7 - Human Memory)

Ans: Hermann Ebbinghaus

11.What do you mean by the term "Procedural Memory"?
(Chapter 7 - Human Memory)

Ans: Procedural memory refers to memories relating to procedures for accomplishing various tasks and skills such as how to ride a bicycle, how to make tea or play basketball.