Chapter 3 :The Bases of Human Behaviour - Important Questions and Answers

List of Questions and Answers

1.During the British rule in India many individuals and groups adopted several aspects of British lifestyle. This change refers to___________.
(a) Enculturation
(b) Acculturation
(c) Socialisation
(d) None of the above
(chapter 3: The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans:(b) Acculturation.

2. ____________ refers to cultural and psychological changes resulting from contact with other cultures.
(chapter 3:The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans:(b) Acculturation.

3.Explain the functions of Autonomic Nervous System.
(Chapter 3:The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans:
Following are the functions of Autonomic Nervous System:

  • This system governs activities which are normally not under direct control of individuals.
  • It controls such internal functions as breathing, blood circulation, salivation, stomach contraction, and emotional reactions.
  • These activities of the autonomic system are under the control of different structures of the brain.

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4.Give two functions of the Spinal Cord.
(Chapter 3 - The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans:
The spinal cord is a long rope-like collection of nerve fibers, which run along the full length inside the spine.
The two important functions of spinal cord are:

  • It carries sensory impulses coming from the lower parts of the body to the brain; and motor impulses originating from the brain to all over the body.
  • It performs some simple reflexes that do not involve the brain. Simple reflexes involve a sensory nerve, a motor nerve, and the association neurons of the grey matter of the spinal cord.

5.Elucidate the role of Thyroid gland in human behaviour and development.
(Chapter 3 - The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans:
Here is the list that shows the role of Thyroid gland:

  • This gland is located in the neck. It produces thyroxin that influences the body’s metabolic rate.
  • Optimum amount of thyroxin is secreted and regulated by an anterior pituitary hormone, the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. (TSH).
  • The steady secretion of this hormone maintains the production of energy, consumption of oxygen and elimination of wastes in body cells.
  • Underproduction of thyroxin leads to physical and psychological lethargy.
  • If thyroid gland is removed in young animals, their growth is stunted and they fail to develop sexually.

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6.State the functions of Cerebellum.
(Chapter 3 : The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans:

  • This highly developed part of the hindbrain can be easily recognised by its wrinkled surface.
  • It maintains and controls posture and equilibrium of the body.
  • Its main function is coordination of muscular movements.
  • Though the motor commands originate in the forebrain, the cerebellum receives and coordinates them to relay to the muscles.
  • It also stores the memory of movement patterns so that we do not have to concentrate on how to walk, dance, or ride a bicycle.

7. Describe three functions of neurons.
(Chapter 3 : The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans:
Neuron is the basic unit of our nervous system. Neurons are specialised cells, which possess the unique property of converting various forms of stimuli into electrical impulses. They are also specialised for reception, conduction and transmission of information in the form of electrochemical signals.
Three functions of neurons are
1. They are specialized cells that possess the unique property of converting various stimuli into electrical impulses.
2. They are also specialized for reception, conduction and transmission of information in the form of electrochemical signals.
3. They receive information from the sense organs or from other adjacent neurons, carry them to central nervous system and bring motor information from central nervous system to the motor organs

7. What is the functions of dendrites ?
(Chapter 3 : The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans:
The function of dendrites is to receive the incoming neural impulses from adjacent neurons or directly from the sense organs.

8. The brain and spinal cord comprise the following nervous system.
a) Peripheral
b) Somatic
c) Central
d) Autonomic

Ans: c) Central

9. The gap between two neurons is called ________.

Ans: Synaptic Cleft

10. Epinephrine and nor epinephrine hormones are secreted from adrenal cortex. True / False

Ans: False.

11. Change in gene from one form to another is called _____________.

Ans : mutation

12.Differentiate between Genes and Memes.

Ans:

Genes Memes
It is the unit of hereditary information. They are DNA of human society.
They write script of biological transmissions. They write script of cultural transmission.

13. Which of the following is the main body of the nerve cell?
a) Dendrites
b) Soma
c) Axons
d) None of the above

Ans: d) None of the above

14. Describes how neurons transmit information?

Ans:
Information is transmitted from one place to another within the nervous system in the form of nerve impulse. They receive information from the sense organs or from adjacent neurons and carry them to the central nervous system and bring motor information from central nervous system to motor organs. Neurons transmit information with the help of dendrites, soma, axon and other terminal buttons.

15. What is "all or none principle" ?

Ans:
The nerve fibers work according to the "all or none principle", which means that they either respond completely or do not respond at all. The strength of the nerve impulse remains constant along the nerve fiber.

16. Choose the odd one out
a) Hypothalamus
b) Pons
c) Cerebellum
d) Medulla Oblongata

Ans: a) Hypothalamus

17. ___________ is the basic unit of nervous system.
a) Nucleus
b) Soma
c) Neurons
d) Dendrites

Ans: c) Neurons

18. The Nervous system can be divided into
a) Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System
b) Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
c) Brain and Spinal Cord
d) Sympathetic Division and parasympathetic division

Ans: b) Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

19. explain the structure of forebrain and various lobes of brain.

Ans:
Forebrain: It is considered to be the most important part of the brain because it performs all cognitive, emotional, and motor activities. We will discuss four major parts of the forebrain: hypothalamus, thalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.

  • Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is one of the smallest structures in the brain, but plays a vital role in our behaviour. It regulates physiological processes involved in emotional and motivational behaviour, such as eating, drinking, sleeping, temperature regulation, and sexual arousal. It also regulates and controls the internal environment of the body (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, temperature) and regulates the secretion of hormones from various endocrine glands.
  • Thalamus : It consists of an egg-shaped cluster of neurons situated on the ventral (upper) side of the hypothalamus. It is like a relay station that receives all incoming sensory signals from sense organs and sends them to appropriate parts of the cortex for processing. It also receives all outgoing motor signals coming from the cortex and sends them to appropriate parts of the body.
  • The Limbic System : This system is composed of a group of structures that form part of the old mammalian brain. It helps in maintaining internal homeostasis by regulating body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level. It has close links with the hypothalamus. Besides hypothalamus, the limbic system comprises the Hippocampus and Amygdala. The hippocampus plays an important role in long-term memory. The amygdala plays an important role in emotional behaviour
  • The Cerebrum : Also known as Cerebral Cortex, this part regulates all higher levels of cognitive functions, such as attention, perception, learning, memory, language behaviour, reasoning, and problem solving. The cerebrum makes two-third of the total mass of the human brain. Its thickness varies from 1.5 mm to 4 mm, which covers the entire surface of the brain and contains neurons, neural nets, and bundles of axons. All these make it possible for us to perform organised actions and create images, symbols, associations, and memories.

20. Explain the role of peripheral nervous system in humans.

Ans:
The PNS is composed of all the neurons and nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. The PNS is divided into Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System.
The PNS provides information to the CNS from sensory receptors (eyes, ears, skin, etc.) and relays back motor commands from the brain to the muscles and glands.
The Somatic Nervous System :

  • This system consists of two types of nerves, called cranial nerves and spinal nerves. There are twelve sets of cranial nerves which either emanate from or reach different locations of the brain. There are three types of cranial nerves - sensory, motor, and mixed.
  • Sensory nerves collect sensory information from receptors of the head region (vision, audition, smell, taste, touch, etc.) and carry them to the brain.
  • The motor nerves carry motor impulses originating from the brain to muscles of the head region. For example, movements of the eyeballs are controlled by motor cranial nerves.
  • Mixed nerves have both sensory and motor fibers, which conduct sensory and motor information to and from the brain.
  • Spinal nerves have two functions. The sensory fibers of the spinal nerves collect sensory information from all over the body (except the head region) and send them to the spinal cord from where they are then carried out to the brain.
The Autonomic Nervous System
  • This system governs activities which are normally not under direct control of individuals.
  • It controls such internal functions as breathing, blood circulation, salivation, stomach contraction, and emotional reactions. These activities of the autonomic system are under the control of different structures of the brain.
  • The Autonomic Nervous System has two divisions: Sympathetic division and Parasympathetic division.
  • The sympathetic division deals with emergencies when the action must be quick and powerful, such as in situations of fight or flight. During this period, the digestion stops, blood flows from internal organs to the muscles, and breathing rate, oxygen supply, heart rate, and blood sugar level increases.
  • The Parasympathetic division is mainly concerned with conservation of energy. It monitors the routine functions of the internal system of the body. When the emergency is over, the parasympathetic division takes over; it decelerates the sympathetic activation and calms down the individual to a normal condition. As a result all body functions like heart beat, breathing, and blood flow return to their normal levels.

21.________________ refers to all learning that takes place without direct, deliberate teaching.
a) Acculturation
b) Socialization
c) Enculturation
d) Culture
(chapter 3: The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans: c) Enculturation

22. The __________ lobe is primarily concerned with the processing of auditory information.
a) Temporal
b) Frontal
c) Parietal
d) Occipital
(chapter 3: The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans: a) Temporal

23. The ____________ lobe is mainly concerned with cutaneous sensations and their coordination with visual and auditory sensations.
a) Temporal
b) Frontal
c) Parietal
d) Occipital
(chapter 3: The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans: a) Parietal

24. The ___________ lobe is mainly concerned with visual information.
a) Temporal
b) Frontal
c) Parietal
d) Occipital
(chapter 3: The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans: a) Occipital

25.The __________ lobe is mainly concerned with cognitive functions, such as attention, thinking, memory, learning, and reasoning.
a) Temporal
b) Frontal
c) Parietal
d) Occipital
(chapter 3: The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans: a) Frontal

26.What is mutation?
(chapter 3: The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans: Change of a gene from one form to another is called mutation.

27. Define acculturation and explain the strategies of acculturation?
(chapter 3: The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans: Acculturation refers to cultural and psychological changes resulting from contact with other cultures.
Following are the strategies of acculturation:

  • Integration : It refers to an attitude in which there is an interest in both, maintaining one's original culture and identity, while staying in daily interaction with other cultural groups. In this case, there is some degree of cultural integrity maintained while interacting with other cultural groups.
  • Assimilation : It refers to an attitude, which people do not wish to maintain their cultural identity, and they move to become an integral part of the other culture. In this case, there is loss of one's culture and identity.
  • Separation : It refers to an attitude in which people seem to place a value on holding on to their original culture, and wish to avoid interaction with other cultural groups. In this case, people often tend to glorify their cultural identity.
  • Marginalisation : It refers to an attitude in which there is little possibility or interest in one's cultural maintenance, and little interest in having relations with other cultural groups. In this case, people generally remain undecided about what they should do, and continue to stay with a great deal of stress.

28. ___________ gland is situated above each kidney.
(chapter 3: The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans: c) Adrenal

29. ___________ write the script of cultural transmissions.
(chapter 3: The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans: c) Memes

30.Define Synapse.
(chapter 3: The Bases of Human Behaviour)

Ans: Synapse is the intersection of the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of next neuron.

More Questions and Answers Coming Soon.